question

Storage Medium (Secondary Storage)

answer

Physical material on which a computer keeps data, information, programs, and applications

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12 Examples of Storage Medium

answer

Internal hard disks External hard disks Solid-state drives (SSDs) Memory cards USB flash drives Optical discs Network attached storage devices Magnetic stripe cards Smart cards RFID tags Microfilm Cloud Storage

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Internal Hard Drive

answer

Used to refer to collectively to hard disks and SSDs inside a computer

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External Hard Drive

answer

Used to refer to globally to external hard disks and external SSDs

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Storage Device

answer

Hardware that records and/or retrieves items to and from storage media

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Writing

answer

Process of transferring data, instructions, and information from memory to a storage medium

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Reading

answer

Process of transferring these items from a storage medium into memory

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Capacity

answer

Number of bytes (characters) a storage medium can hold

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Kilobyte (KB)

answer

Approximate Number of Bytes: 1 thousand Exact Number of Bytes: 2^10 or 1,024

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Megabyte (MB)

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Approximate Number of Bytes: 1 million Exact Number of Bytes: 2^20 or 1,048,576

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Gigabyte (GB)

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Approximate Number of Bytes: 1 billion Exact Number of Bytes: 2^30 or 1,073,741,824

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Terabyte (TB)

answer

Approximate Number of Bytes: 1 trillion Exact Number of Bytes: 2^40 or 1,099,511,627,776

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Petabyte (PB)

answer

Approximate Number of Bytes: 1 quadrillion Exact Number of Bytes: 2^50 or 1,125,899,906,842,624

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Exabyte (EB)

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Approximate Number of Bytes: 1 quintillion Exact Number of Bytes: 2^60 or 1,152,921,504,606,846,976

question

Zettabyte (ZB)

answer

Approximate Number of Bytes: 1 sextillion Exact Number of Bytes: 2^70 or 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424

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Yottabyte (YB)

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Approximate Number of Bytes: 1 septillion Exact Number of Bytes: 2^80 or 1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176

question

2 Features of Items on a Storage Medium

answer

Remain intact even when you turn off a computer or mobile device Nonvolatile

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2 Features of Items on Memory

answer

Holds data and instructions temporarily Volatile

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Access Time

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Measures (1) the amount of time it takes a storage device to locate an item on a storage medium or (2) the time required to deliver an item from memory to the processor

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2 Features of Access Time for Storage Devices

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Slow Access items in thousandths of a second (milliseconds) or millionth of a second (microseconds)

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2 Features of Access Time for Memory

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Fast Accesses times in billionths of a second (nanoseconds)

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Transfer Rate

answer

Speed with which data, instructions, and information transfer to and from a device

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3 Ways that Transfer Rates for Storage are Stated

answer

KBps (Kilobytes Per Second) MBps (Megabytes Per Second) GBps (Gigabytes Per Second)

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KBps

answer

Kilobytes per second

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MBps

answer

Megabytes per second

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GBps

answer

Gigabytes per second

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Hard Disk or Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

answer

Storage device that contains one or more inflexible circular platters that use magnetic particles to store data, instructions, and information

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4 Features of Hard Disks

answer

Magnetic particles represent either a 0 bit or a 1 bit Desktops and laptops often contain at least 1 Enclosed in an airtight, sealed case to protect it from contamination Some people use a second one to duplicate the contents of the first one, in case the first is damaged or destroyed

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Fixed Disk

answer

A hard disk that is mounted inside the computer's case because it is not portable

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4 Things that Determine the Storage Capacity of Hard Disks

answer

Number of platters the hard disk contains Composition of the magnetic coating on the platters Whether it uses longitudinal or perpendicular recording Its density

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Platter

answer

Made of aluminum, glass, or ceramic and has a thin coating of alloy material that allows items to be recorded magnetically on its surface

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Longitudinal Recording

answer

Aligns the magnetic particles horizontally around the surface of the disk

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Perpendicular Recording

answer

Hard disks align the magnetic particles vertically, or perpendicular to the disk's surface, making much greater storage capacities possible

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Density

answer

Number of bits in an area on a storage medium A higher one - more storage capacity

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Formatting

answer

Process of dividing the disk into tracks and sectors so that the operating system can store and locate data and information on the disk

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Track

answer

Narrow recording band that forms a full circle on the surface of the disk

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Sectors

answer

Disk's storage locations consist of wedge-shaped sections, which break the tracks into small arcs

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2 Features of Sectors

answer

Typically store up to 512 bytes of data If it has a flaw and cannot store data, when formatting, the operating system marks these bad sectors as unusable

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2 Features of Platters on a Hard Disk

answer

Have multiple of them that are stacked on top of 1 another Has 2 read/write heads - one for each side

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Read / Write Head

answer

Mechanism that reads items and writes items in the drive as it barely touches the disk's recording surface

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Revolutions Per Minute (RPM)

answer

Allows nearly access to all tracks and sectors on the platters

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2 Features of the Cushion of Air

answer

Created from the spinning motion between the platter and its read / write head Ensures that the read / write head floats above the platter instead of making direct contact with the platter surface

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Head Crash

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Occurs when a read / write head touches the surface of a platter, usually resulting in a loss of data or sometimes loss of the entire disk

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Disk Cache (Buffer)

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Consists of a memory chip(s) on a hard disk that stores frequently accessed data, instructions, and information

question

3 Steps that the Disk Cache and Memory Cache Work in a Similar Fashion

answer

When a processor requests data, instructions, or information from the hard disk, the hard disk first checks its disk cache - before moving any mechanical parts to access the platters If the requested item is in disk cache, the hard disk sends it to the processor If the hard disk does not find the requested item in the disk cache, then the processor must wait for the hard disk to locate and transfer from the disk to the processor

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RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks)

answer

A group of 2 or more integrated hard disks, which is an ideal storage solution in situations where uninterrupted access to the data is critical

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External Hard Disk

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Separate freestanding storage device that connects with a cable to a USB port or other port on a computer or mobile device

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3 Features of External Hard Disks

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Smaller ones are portable and enable mobile users to transport photos and other files from 1 computer to another easily Enclosed in an airtight, sealed case Can include multiple hard disks that you can use for different purposes, if desired

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Flash Memory

answer

Type of nonvolatile memory that can be erased electronically and rewritten

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Solid-State Media

answer

What flash memory chips are since they consist entirely of electronic components, such as integrated circuits, and contain no moving parts, which makes flash memory storage more durable and shock resistant than other types of media, such as magnetic hard disks and optical discs

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3 Types of Flash Memory Storage

answer

Solid-State Media Memory cards USB flash drives

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SSD (Solid-State Drive)

answer

Flash memory storage device that contains its own processor to manage its storage

question

3 Features of SSDs

answer

Used in all types of computers, including servers, desktops, laptops, tablets, and a variety of mobile devices, such as portable media players and DV cameras Some computers have a traditional hard disk along with this Also, external SSDs are also available

question

9 Advantages of SSDs over Traditional (Magnetic) Hard Disks

answer

Higher storage capacities Faster access times (can be more than 80 times faster) Faster transfer rates Quieter operation More durable Lighter weight Less power consumption (leads to longer battery life) Less heat generation Longer life (more than 10 times longer)

question

3 Disadvantages of SSDs

answer

Data recovery in the event of failure can be more difficult than for traditional hard disks Cost is higher per gigabyte In order to keep the price of a laptop affordable, laptops with SSDs usually have a lower storage capacity than laptops with a traditional hard disk

question

Memory Card

answer

Removable flash memory storage device, usually no bigger than 1.5 inches in height or width, that you insert in and remove from a slot in a computer, mobile device, or card reader / writer

question

11 Common Types of Memory Cards

answer

CF (Compact Flash) SDHC (Secure Digital High Capacity) SDXC (Secure Digital Expanded Capacity) miniSD microSD microSDHC microSDXC xD Picture Card Memory Stick PRO Duo M2 (Memory Stick Micro)

question

Card Reader / Writer

answer

What you can purchase if your computer or printer does not have a built-in card slot Device that reads from and writes on memory cards Usually connect to the USB port on a computer

question

USB Flash Drive (Thumb Drive)

answer

A flash memory storage device that plugs in a USB port on a computer or mobile device Convenient for mobile users because they are small and lightweight enough to be transported on a keychain or in a pocket Users easily transfer documents, photos, music, and videos from 1 computer to another

question

Cloud Storage

answer

Internet service that provides storage to computer or mobile device users

question

Optical Disc

answer

Type of storage medium that consists of a flat, round, portable disc made of metal, plastic, and lacquer that is written and read by a laser

question

Mini Disc

answer

What game consoles and mobile devices may use Also work in standard-sized optical disc drives

question

3 Widely Types of Optical Discs

answer

CDs (Compact Discs) DVDs (Digital Versatile Discs and Sometimes Digital Video Discs) Blu-Ray Discs

question

2 Ways to Insert an Optical Disc Into Your Device

answer

On some computers, you push a button to slide out a tray, insert the disc, and then push the same button to close the tray Others are slot loaded, which means you insert the disc in a narrow opening on the drive

question

Result of Inserting an Optical Disc Into Your Device

answer

Operating system automatically may run a program, play music, or start a video on the disc

question

Feature of Desktops and Traditional Laptops

answer

Have an optical disc drive

question

Feature of Ultrathin Laptops, Tablets, and Mobile Devices

answer

Do not have an optical disc drive

question

LightScribe Technology

answer

Can etch labels directly on the specially coated discs (as opposed to placing an adhesive label on the disc)

question

2 Important Areas in the Middle Layer of an Optical Disc

answer

Microscopic pits (indentations) Lands (flat areas)

question

5 Steps in How a Laser Reads Data on an Optical Disc

answer

High-power laser light creates the pits Lower-powered laser light reads items from the disc by reflecting light through the bottom of the disc Reflected light is converted into a series of bits that the computer can process Land causes light to reflect, which is read as binary digit 1 Pits absorb the light; this absence of light is read as binary digit 0

question

How do Optical Discs Commonly Store Items

answer

In a single track that spirals from the center of the disc to the edge of the disc

question

CD-ROM (CD-read-only memory)

answer

Type of optical disc that users can read but not write on (record) or erase Manufacturers write the contents on them and distribute them to consumers What software manufacturers sometimes use to distribute their programs

question

Single-Session Disc

answer

What a standard CD-ROM is called because manufacturers write all items on the disc at one time

question

Photo CD

answer

Sometimes used to refer to CDs that contain only photos

question

CD-R (CD-recordable)

answer

Optical disc on which users can write once, but not erase, their own items, such as text, graphics, and audio

question

WORM (Write Once, Read Many)

answer

What a CD-R is sometimes called because they can be written on only 1 time

question

Multisession

answer

What some CD-Rs are because you can write on part of the disc at 1 time and another part at a later time - if the disc has free space

question

CD-RW (CD-rewritable)

answer

Erasable multisession disc users can write on multiple times Overcomes the major disadvantage of CD-R because it allows users to write and rewrite data, instructions, and information on this CD multiple times - instead of just once Reliability of the disc tends to drop, however, with each successive rewrite

question

Popular Use of CD-RW and CD-R

answer

Created audio CDs

question

Burning

answer

Process of writing on an optical disc

question

Ripping

answer

Process of copying audio and/or video data from a purchased disc and saving it on your own

question

4 Features of DVDs that Make Them Better than CDs

answer

Items are stored in a different manner, which enables them to have a greater storage capabilities and higher resolutions than CDs 1st Storage Technique: Make the disc denser by packing the pits closer together 2nd Storage Technique: Using 2 layers of pits, which doubles the capacity of the disc because the lower layer is semitransparent, which allows the laser to read through it to the upper layer Some are double-sided

question

Blu-Ray

answer

A more expensive DVD format, which has a higher capacity and better quality than standard DVDs, especially for high-definition audio and video

question

DVD-ROM (DVD-read-only-memory)

answer

High-capacity optical disc that users can read but not write on or erase Manufacturers write the contents on them and distribute them to consumers Store movies, music, music videos, huge databases, and complex software

question

DVD-R and DVD+R

answer

Competing DVD-recordable and WORM formats, in which users can write once, but not erase their own items, including video, audio, photos, graphics, and text

question

DVD-RW, DVD+RW, and DVD+RAM

answer

Competing DVD-rewritable formats that users can write on multiple times

question

DVD / CD-RW Drives

answer

Combination drives that read and write on DVD and CD media

question

Controller

answer

Previously called on disk controller Consists of a special-purpose chip and electronic circuits that control the transfer of data, instructions, and information from a drive to and from the system bus and other components in the computer May be part of a drive, may be on the motherboard, or may be a separate adapter card inside the computer In personal computer advertisements, vendors usually state the type of interface supported by it

question

4 Types of Interface for Use in Personal Computers

answer

EIDE SCSI SAS SATA

question

EIDE (Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics)

answer

Interface that uses parallel signals to transfer data, instructions, and information Provide connections for hard disks, RAID, SSDs, optical disc drives, and tape drives

question

SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)

answer

Like EIDE, also uses parallel signals, but can support up to 8 or 15 peripheral devices Supported devices include hard disks, RAID, SSDs, optical disc drives, tape drives, printers, scanners, network cards, and more

question

SAS (Serial-Attached SCSI)

answer

Type of SCSI that uses serial signals to transfer data, instructions, and information Support connections to hard disks, RAID, SSDs, optical disk drives, printers, scanners, digital cameras, and other devices

question

5 Advantages of SAS over Parallel SCSI

answer

Thinner, longer cables Reduced interference Lower cost Support for many more connected devices at once Faster speeds

question

SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment)

answer

Uses serial signals to transfer data, instructions, and information Primary advantage is that their cables are thinner, longer, more flexible, and less susceptible to interference than cables that use parallel signals Support connections to hard disks, RAID, SSDs, and optical disc drives

question

eSATA (External SATA)

answer

What external drives can use, which is much faster than USB

question

Serial Transfers

answer

Data is sent 1 bit at a time

question

Parallel Transfers

answer

Send several bits at once

question

Full Backup (Archival Backup)

answer

Provides the best protection against data loss because it copies all programs and data files Users should perform them at regular intervals, such as at the end of each week and at the end of the month

question

Differential Backup

answer

Copies only the files that have changed since the last full backup

question

Incremental Backup

answer

Copies only the files that have changed since the last full or last incremental backup

question

Selective Backup (Partial Backup)

answer

Allows the user to choose specific files to back up, regardless of whether or not the files have changed since the last incremental backup

question

Redundancy

answer

That if 1 component fails or malfunctions, another can assume its tasks

question

Outsourcing

answer

Organizations that elect to off-load all (or at least the backup) storage management to an outside organization or a cloud storage provider

question

4 Sample Storage Techniques that Enterprises Use

answer

RAID Network Attached Storage Storage Area Networks Tape

question

Fibre Channel (FC)

answer

What enterprises common use as storage as the interface that connects the devices to the network because it has much faster transmission rates than SCSI and other previously discussed interfaces

question

Level 1 (Mirroring)

answer

Simplest RAID storage which writes data on 2 disks at the same time to duplicate the data Enhances storage reliability because, if a disk should fail, a duplicate of the requested item is available elsewhere within the array of disks

question

Striping

answer

What other RAID levels use, which splits data, instructions, and information across multiple disks in the array Improves disk access times, but does not offer data duplication

question

Network Attached Storage (NAS)

answer

Server that is placed on a network with the sole purpose of providing storage to users, computers, and devices attached to the network

question

Storage Appliance

answer

What a network attached storage server is often called because it has its own IP address, usually does not have a keyboard or display, and contains at least 1 hard disk, often configured in RAID

question

Storage Area Network (SAN)

answer

High-speed network with the sole purpose of providing storage to attached servers

question

3 Features of Storage Area Network (SAN)

answer

Includes only storage devices What high-speed fiber-optic cable usually connects other networks and servers to so that the networks and servers have fast access to large storage capacities Can connect to networks and other servers that are miles away using high-speed network connections

question

5 Features that Both Network Attached Storage and Storage Area Network Solutions Offer

answer

Offer easy management of storage Fast access to storage Sharing of storage Isolation of storage from other servers to enable the other servers to concentrate on performing a specific task, rather than consuming resources involved in the tasks related to storage Include disk, optical disc, and tape types of storage

question

Tape

answer

Magnetically coated ribbon of plastic that is capable of storing large amounts of data and information at a low cost

question

Tape Drive

answer

Reads from and writes on a magnetic tape

question

Tape Cartridge

answer

Small, rectangular, plastic housing for tape

question

Tape Library

answer

Individual tape cartridges are mounted in a separate cabinet

question

3 Features of Sequential Access

answer

What tape storage requires Refers to reading or writing data consecutively In much the same way you would find a specific song on a cassette tape or videotape, you must forward or rewind to a specific position to access a specific piece of data

question

3 Features of Direct Access (Random Access)

answer

What hard drives, flash memory storage, and optical discs use Device can locate a particular data item or file immediately, without having to move consecutively through items stored in front of the desired data item or file When writing or reading specific data, it is much faster than sequential access

question

Magnetic Stripe Card

answer

Credit card, entertainment card, bank card, or other similar card with a stripe that contains information identifying you and the card

question

3 Types of Information that the Card Issuer, Such as a Financial Organization, Encodes in the Stripe

answer

Your name Account number Card's expiration date

question

Smart Card

answer

Alternative to a magnetic stripe card, stores data on an integrated circuit embedded in the card

question

2 Types of Smart Cards

answer

Contact Contactless

question

Feature of Contact Smart Card

answer

When inserted in a specialized card reader, the information on the smart card is read and, if necessary, updated

question

Features of Contactless Smart Card

answer

Communicate with a reader using a radio frequency, which means that the user simply places the card near the reader

question

RFID Tag

answer

Consists of an antenna and a memory chip that contains the information to be transmitted via radio waves

question

RFID Reader

answer

Reads the radio signals and transfers the information to a computer or computing device

question

2 Types of RFID Tags

answer

Active Passive

question

Active RFID Tag

answer

Contains a battery that runs the chip's circuitry and broadcasts a signal to the RFID reader

question

Passive RFID Tag

answer

Does not contain a battery, and, thus cannot send a signal until the reader activates the tag's antenna by sending out electromagnetic waves Contain no battery Can be small enough to be embedded in skin

question

Microfilm

answer

100- to 215-foot roll of film

question

Microfiche

answer

Small sheet of film, usually about 4 x 6 inches

question

Computer Output Microfilm Reader

answer

Device that records the images on the film

question

3 Advantages for the Use of Microfilm and Microfiche

answer

Greatly reduce the amount of paper that firms must handle Inexpensive Have the longest life of any storage media

question

Sarbanes-Oxley Act

answer

Law provides a myriad of financial reporting requirements and guidelines for public companies with the main focus of law is the retention of business records

question

Backup Plan

answer

Regular schedule for copying and storing important data, information, apps, and programs

question

Skimming

answer

Thieves using a handheld device to swipe the card and then obtain and store account details, which is prevalent at gas stations, restaurants, and lounges, where unscrupulous employees sell the information to criminals who then spend your money or steal your identity

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