question

In order for a cell to divide, by mitosis or meiosis, it needs to first duplicate its entire _____, which consists of all of its genetic material

answer

Genome

question

Select the types of genes in which genetic mutations can cause cancer to develop: rRNA genes Oncogenes Spliceosome genes Tumor suppressor genes

answer

Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes

question

In sexual reproduction, the union of sperm and egg occurs in a process called _____

answer

Fertilization

question

Math the following events of the cell cycle with their description: Division of the cell itself Division of the contents of the nucleus The time between cell divisions in which DNA replication, basic cellular activities, and cell growth take place

answer

Interphase: the time between cell divisions in which DNA replication, basic cellular activities, and cell growth take place Mitosis: division of the contents of the nucleus Cytokinesis: division of the cell itself

question

Place these mitotic events in the order that they occur, beginning with the earliest event at the top: Nucleus envelope re-firms Nuclear envelope breaks up and spindle fibers attach to chromosomes Chromosomes align along the equator of the cell Chromosomes condense and become visible Sister chromatids separate

answer

1. Chromosomes condense and become visible 2. Nuclear envelope breaks up and spindle fibers attach to chromosomes 3. Chromosomes align along the equator of the cell 4. Sister chromatids separate 5. Nuclear envelope re-forms

question

What process gives rise to gametes in humans?

answer

Meiosis

question

Place each description into the correct type of cell death (apoptosis or necrosis): Results from a trauma, such as a cut or bruise Normal part of development Coordinated series if events Disorderly Accidental cell death Programmed cell death

answer

Apoptosis: normal part of development, coordinated series of events, and programmed cell death Necrosis: results from a trauma, such as a cut or bruise, disorderly, and accidental cell death

question

The term _____ refers to any change in a cell's DNA sequence

answer

Mutation

question

Select the processes involved in asexual reproduction: Replication of genetic material Fusion of cells Splitting of one cell into two cells Recombination to produce genetically different offspring

answer

Replication of genetic material and splitting of one cell into two cells

question

Genetic mutations can cause changes in proteins that control the cell cycle and lead to a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth called _____

answer

Cancer

question

A type of cell division called _____ divides a eukaryotic cell's genetic information into two identical daughter cells

answer

Mitosis

question

A cell's genetic material is contained in one or more _____

answer

Chromosomes

question

Select all the body and cellular processed that require cell division to function: Reproduction Photosynthesis Growth and development Generate ATP Replace dead cells

answer

Reproduction, growth and development, and replace dead cells

question

Binary _____ is a type of asexual reproduction seen in bacteria that replicates DNA and distributes other cell parts into two new daughter cells

answer

Fission

question

Match the parts if the chromosomes with their description: Proteins around which DNA winds Stretch of DNA wrapped around proteins; become tightly arrayed during chromatin condensation Place where two sister chromatids attach in a replicated chromosome Replicated copy of a chromosome

answer

Histone: proteins around which DNA winds Centromere: place where two sister chromatids attach in a replicated chromosome Chromatid: replicated copy of a chromosome Nucleosome: stretch of DNA wrapped around proteins; become tightly arrayed during chromatin condensation

question

Place the phases of mitosis in the order that they occur, beginning with the first phase at the top: Telophase Anaphase Metaphase Prophase Prometaphase

answer

1. Prophase 2. Prometaphase 3. Metaphase 4. Anaphase 5. Telophase

question

In asexual reproduction, the offspring are genetically _____ to each other

answer

Identical

question

Unlike normal body cells, what do cancer cells do indefinitely if given enough space and nutrients?

answer

Divide

question

Match the stage of cancer with its description: Cancer has spread to lymph nodes and nearby organs but not distant organs Cancer has spread to distant sites and distant organs Cancer has spread to tissue adjacent to the tumor but remains confined to the organ of origin Cancer has spread to nearby tissues beyond the organ of origin but has not yet spread to the lymph nodes

answer

Stage I: cancer has spread to tissue adjacent to the tumor but remains confined to the organ of origin Stage II: cancer has spread to nearby tissues beyond the organ of origin but has not yet spread to the lymph nodes Stage III: cancer has spread to lymph nodes and nearby organs but not distant organs Stage IV: cancer has spread to distant sites and distant organs

question

Select the statements that are true with respect to the cell cycle control: When the requirements of a checkpoint are not met, then the cell will not progress to the next stage of the cell cycle External proteins celled growth factors can regulate cell division, but there are no known internal regulatory proteins Once the cell cycle begins, it cannot be stopped until the cell divides The cell cycle has checkpoints that regulate the transitioning of one phase of the cell cycle into the next

answer

When the requirements of a checkpoint are not met, then the cell will not progress to the next stage of the cell cycle and the cell cycle has checkpoints that regulate the transitioning of one phase of the cell cycle into the next

question

Cancer cells are characterized by _____

answer

Uncontrolled cell division

question

The last checkpoint prior to the initiation of mitosis is called the _____ checkpoint

answer

G2

question

In sexual reproduction, the offspring are genetically _____ each other (with the exception of identical twins)

answer

Different from

question

Which of the following is true with respect to proto-oncogenes? When they are overactive because of mutation, the cell cycle may be accelerated They encode proteins that stimulate cell division Proto-oncogenes encode proteins that normally block cancer development

answer

When they are overactive because of mutation, the cell cycle may become accelerated and they encode proteins that stimulate cell division

question

_____ is a regulated cell death that is a necessary part of development

answer

Apoptosis

question

Place the following steps of DNA replication in the order in which they occur, beginning with the first step at the top: Binding of proteins to the two template strands prevents them from rejoining DNA polymerase adds DNA nucleotides to create the newly synthesized strand Enzymes replace the primers, and ligase seal the gaps between existing segments and newly synthesized segments Helicase separated the two template strands of DNA Primase adds short stretched to RNA to the template DNA strand

answer

1. Helicase separates the two template strands of DNA 2. Binding of proteins to the two template strands prevents them from rejoining 3. Primase adds short stretches of RNA to the template DNA strand 4. DNA polymerase adds DNA nucleotides to create the newly synthesized strand 5. Enzymes replace the primers, and ligase seal the gals between existing segments and newly synthesized segments

question

What statement best described the overall process of mitosis?

answer

Duplicated chromosomes line up and are pulled to opposite poles of the cell

question

Sex cells, such as sperm cells or egg cells, are also called _____

answer

Gametes

question

The _____ describes the time from one cell division until the next

answer

Cell cycle

question

Match each cancer treatment with how it works: Add functional genes to cells with disabled genes Block the recruitment of blood vessels by a tumor Target specific molecules in cancer cells

answer

Gene therapy: add functional genes to cells with disabled genes Drug therapy: target specific molecules in cancer cells Angiogenesis inhibitors: block the recruitment of blood vessels by a tumor

question

Select the true statements that describe cancer cells compared to normal cells: Cancer cells divide less frequently than normal cells The cell membrane if cancer cells is more rigid Cancer cells may have multiple nuclei Cancer cells are less specialized than normal cells

answer

Cancer cells may have multiple nuclei and cancer cells are less specialized than normal cells

question

The _____ _____ helps divide the cytoplasm of an animal cell in a process called _____

answer

Cleavage furrow; cytokinesis

question

What is the key feature that classifies a disease as cancer?

answer

Malignant cells

question

Select the following that are true about growth factors triggering cell division: Growth factors normally act to suppress the cell cycle In response to a signal, a cascade of chemical reactions inside the cell initiates cell division Growth factors "walk" along microtubules to receptors on the nuclear membrane Growth factors bind to receptors on the cell membrane Epidermal growth factor stimulates skin cells to divide

answer

In response to a signal, a cascade of chemical reactions inside the cell initiates cell division, growth factors bind to receptors on the cell membrane, and epidermal growth factor stimulates skin cells to divide

question

_____ is a specialized type of cell division that produces cells that are genetically different from each other

answer

Meiosis

question

The cell cycle has internal _____ that do not let the cell proceed to the next stage of the cell cycle until the previous stage is complete

answer

Checkpoints

question

Place the following apoptotic events in chronological order, beginning with the first event at the top: An immune system engulfs the cell and destroys the remnants A "death receptor" on the cell's membrane is activated Apoptosis-specific proteins begin to destroy the cell

answer

1. A "death receptor" on the cell's membrane is activated 2. Apoptosis-specific proteins begin to destroy the cell 3. An immune system cell engulfs the cell and destroys the remnants

question

Select the types of organisms that can exhibit asexual reproduction: Humans Bacteria Protists Archaea Some multicellular eukaryotes

answer

Bacteria, protists, archaea, and some multicellular eukaryotes

question

Which of the following best describes the overall process of mitosis?

answer

The type of cell division that separates chromosomes and produces two daughter cells with identical nuclei

question

Select all the true statements with respect to benign tumors: They grow slowly They are likely to spread to invade other parts of the body They are surrounded by a tough capsule to prevent them from spreading They are usually harmless

answer

They grow slowly, they are surrounded by a tough capsule to prevent them from spreading, and they are usually harmless

question

Select all of the following that can lead to the formation of a tumor: Cyclin-dependent checkpoints Uncontrolled cell division Lack of programmed cell death An active p53 protein

answer

Uncontrolled cell division and lack of programmed cell death

question

Proteins called _____ are present at the centromeres of chromosomes and become attached to spindle microtubules during prometaphase

answer

Kinetochores

question

Proteins encodes by proto-oncogenes normally act to _____

answer

Stimulate cell division

question

Match each organism with the correct number of chromosomes contained in that organism's body cells: Dog, mosquito, rice, human, carp 6 chromosomes 24 chromosomes 46 chromosomes 78 chromosomes 104 chromosomes

answer

6 chromosomes: mosquito 24 chromosomes: rice 46 chromosomes: human 78 chromosomes: dog 104 chromosomes: carp

question

Usually, warts and moles are _____ tumors of the skin, meaning they do not invade surrounding tissues or metastasize

answer

Benign

question

Select the true statements about cancer development: Because cancers are genetic, a person can't acquire cancer during their lifetime Mutations that cause cancer can arise in the gametes and not be present in the parents Mutations that cause cancer can appear in adults The mutations that cause cancer can be inherited

answer

Mutations that cause cancer can arise in the gametes and not be present in the parents, mutations that cause cancer can appear in adults, and the mutations that cause cancer can be inherited

question

Bacteria and archaea reproduce asexually by a process called _____

answer

Binary fission

question

Eukaryotic cells produce new cells in a division process known as _____, which allows for growth and for compensation of cell loss due to wear and tear or injury

answer

Mitosis

question

A class of diseases characterized by malignant cells is called _____

answer

Cancer

question

Select all of the following that are true with respect to the G1 checkpoint: It monitors the spindle and checks that DNA has been replicated completely Through p53, it promotes the expression of DNA damage repair enzymes Through p53, it can promote apoptosis if the DNA damage is too severe It monitors chromosome alignment It screens for DNA damage

answer

Through p53, it promotes the expression of DNA damage repair enzymes, through p53, it can promote apoptosis if the DNA damage is too severe, and it screens for DNA damage

question

Once mitosis has begun, the checkpoint that allows a cell to progress into anaphase is called the _____ checkpoint

answer

Metaphase

question

The _____ checkpoint takes place before mitosis begins

answer

G2

question

Select the processes that are due to mitotic cell division: Growth of a zygote into a multicellular adult Replacement of lost cells Repair after injury Fertilization to form a zygote The formation of genetically different offspring

answer

Growth of a zygote into a multicellular adult, replacement of lost cells, and repair after injury

question

A DNA molecule consists of two strands of _____ held together in a _____ structure

answer

Nucleotides; double helix

question

Select all the reasons that cells need to control their rate of division: Too little cell growth will not allow injuries to be repaired All cells in an organism need to divide constantly to replace worn out cells Cells that make up different types of tissues require different rates of division for proper function Uncontrolled cell division can lead to abnormal growth

answer

Too little cell growth will not allow injuries to be repaired, cells that make up different types of tissues require different rates of division for proper function, and uncontrolled cell division can lead to abnormal growth

question

In prokaryotes, DNA is contained in _____, and in eukaryotes, DNA is contained in _____

answer

A single chromosome; multiple chromosomes

question

Structures that consist of proteins surrounding a pair of centrioles are called _____, which function to organize the proteins that move chromosomes during mitosis

answer

Centrosomes

question

Due to its proofreading accuracy, DNA polymerase incorporates an incorrect nucleotide only about one in _____ nucleotides

answer

A billion

question

In this stage of mitosis, which is called _____, the mitotic spindle disassembles and division of the genetic material is complete, but the cell cytoplasm has nit yet divided

answer

Telophase

question

Unlike in mice, the drug endostatin _____ in most human patients

answer

Was ineffective

question

Select all of the following that can increase the risk of cancer Balanced diet UV radiation Smoking Regular vigorous exercise Sexually transmitted viruses

answer

UV radiation, smoking, and sexually transmitted viruses

question

During development, the process that "carves" out the fingers from a webbed sheet of tissue is called _____

answer

Apoptosis

question

Which of the following would you find in chromatin? Proteins for scaffolding Proteins for replication DNA Proteins for transcription Actin molecules

answer

Proteins for scaffolding, proteins for replication, DNA, and proteins for transcription

question

Select the phases that occur within interphase of the cell cycle: Cytokinesis G0 Mitosis G2 G1 S

answer

G0, G2, G1, and S

question

The major function of nucleosomes is to _____ the DNA within the chromosome

answer

Compact

question

The mitotic _____ consists of fibers that will grow outward toward the chromosomes during mitosis

answer

Spindle

question

Select characteristics of chromosomes in a cell that is preparing to divide: Unwound Visible in the microscope Compact Accessible for replication

answer

Visible in the microscope and compact

question

Unlike normal cells, cancer cells do not undergo _____, even when they are damaged

answer

Cell death

question

During the _____ phase of interphase, DNA replication occurs

answer

S

question

During cytokinesis in plants, the appearance of the _____ is the first sign of new cell wall comstruction

answer

Cell plate

question

Select all of following that are true about malignant tumors: They are likely to metastasize They invade adjacent tissue They are surrounded by a tough capsule

answer

They are likely to metastasize and they invade adjacent tissue

question

DNA replication is called semiconservative because

answer

One strand of a new DNA double helix is newly synthesized and the other strand is from the parent molecule

question

A replicated chromosome consists of two attached copies called sister _____

answer

Chromatids

question

During this phase of mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down

answer

Prometaphase

question

Select the products of one cell undergoing mitotic cell division: Organelles distributed to daughter cells Identical genetic material Recombined genetic material 4 daughter cells 2 daughter cells

answer

Organelles distributed to daughter cells, identical genetical material, and 2 daughter cells

question

What describes the S phase checkpoint?

answer

Ensures that DNA replication occurs properly

question

Proto-oncogenes that have been mutated are called _____, which can lead to cancer

answer

Oncogenes

question

Select the true statements about tumor suppressor genes: Normal copies can inhibit apoptosis Normal copies can promote cell division Normal copies can inhibit cell division Normal copies can promote apoptosis They encode proteins that normally block cancer development

answer

Normal copies can inhibit cell division, normal copies can promote apoptosis, and they encode proteins that normally block cancer development

question

After DNA replication, what happens to the nucleosomes in chromatin?

answer

They fold and wind into a compact form

question

Following mitosis, what process splits the organelles, cytoplasm, duplicated nuclei, and macromolecules into two daughter cells?

answer

Cytokinesis

question

During a section of the cell cycle collectively called _____, the cell is not dividing, but protein synthesis, cell growth, DNA replication, and basic cell functions are occuring

answer

Interphase

question

Similar to the way evolution acts, _____ in a few cancer cells allows the cells to survive chemotherapy, and these cells go on to divide and produce a "population" of cells that are resistant to chemotherapy

answer

Mutations

question

Normal human cells has a "cellular clock" that limits the number of divisions to about 50, whereas cancer cells have lost this and become "immortal" because their _____ stay too long

answer

Telomeres

question

UV light and chemicals in tobacco are _____, meaning that they damage DNA and cause mutations

answer

Mutagens

question

In a human body, mitotic cell division occurs about 300 million times per minute and acts to _____

answer

Replace cells

question

Which of the following occurs after the S phase but precedes mitosis?

answer

G2

question

Select the rapidly dividing cells that are affected by chemotherapy and radiation therapy: Cancer cells Cells of the lymph nodes Hair follicles Bone marrow cells Cells of the digestive tract Brain cells

answer

Cancer cells, hair follicles, bone marrow cells, and cells of the digestive tract

question

In the _____ phase of the cell cycle, the cell grows, carries out basic functions, and may enter a nondividing G0 phase

answer

G1

question

Units of chromatin called _____ consist of a stretch of DNA wrapped around eight histones

answer

Nucleosomes

Ch. 8 DNA Replication, Mitosis, and the Cell Cycle LearnSmart – Flashcards

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