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Learning reflects relatively permanent changes in an employee's knowledge or skill that result from ______.

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experience

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The more employees ____, the more they bring to the table when they come to work.

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learn

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______refers to the process of generating and choosing from a set of alternatives to solve a problem.

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Decision making

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The more ____and skills employees possess, the more likely they are to make accurate and sound decisions.

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knowledge

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____ refers to the knowledge and skills that distinguish experts from novices and less experienced people.

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Expertise

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____knowledge is the kind of information you are likely to think about when you picture someone sitting down at a desk to learn and is Relatively easily communicated.

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Explicit

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______knowledge is what employees can typically learn only through experience

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Tacit

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Up to 90 percent of the knowledge contained in organizations occurs in ____form.

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tacit

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We learn through ______ (rewards and punishment), observation, and experience.

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reinforcement

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___conditioning says that we learn by observing the link between our voluntary behavior and the consequences that follow it.

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Operant

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Two contingencies used to increase desired behaviors

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positive and negative reinforcement

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____reinforcement occurs when a positive outcome follows a desired behavior. Most common type of reinforcement Increased pay, promotion

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Positive

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__________ ________ occurs when an unwanted outcome is removed following a desired behavior.

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Negative reinforcement

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Two contingencies used to decrease undesired behaviors:

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punishment and extinction

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____________ocurs when an unwanted outcome follows an unwanted behavior.

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Punishment

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_________occurs when there is the removal of a consequence following an unwanted behavior.

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Extinction

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_______reinforcement and ______should be the most common forms of reinforcement used by managers to create learning among their employees.

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positive, extinction

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_____reinforcement is the simplest schedule of reinforcement and happens when a specific consequence follows each and every occurrence of a desired behavior.

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Continuous

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______ reinforcement happens when reinforcement does not follow each instance of desired behavior.

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Intermittent

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___interval schedule is where workers are rewarded after a certain amount of time, and the length of time between reinforcement periods stays the same.

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Fixed

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____interval schedules are designed to reinforce behavior at more random points in time.

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Variable

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____ratio schedules reinforce behaviors after a certain number of them have been exhibited.

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Fixed

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____ ratio schedules reward people after a varying number of exhibited behaviors.

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Variable

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___ ____ _____ argues that people in organizations have the ability to learn through the observation of others.

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Social learning theory

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____ modeling happens when employees observe the actions of others, learn from what they observe, and then repeat the observed behavior.

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Behavioral

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____ orientation - where building competence is deemed more important than demonstrating competence.

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Learning

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_____working on new kinds of tasks, even if they fail during their early experiences.

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Enjoy

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View failure in ____terms—as a means of increasing knowledge and skills in the long run.

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positive

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_______ orientation focus on demonstrating competence so that others think favorably of them.

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Performance-prove orientation

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______ orientation focus on demonstrating competence so that others will not think poorly of them.

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Performance-avoid

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______ decisions are decisions that become somewhat automatic because a person's knowledge allows him or her to recognize and identify a situation and the course of action that needs to be taken.

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Programmed

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____ can be described as emotionally charged judgments that arise through quick, nonconscious, and holistic associations.

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Intuition

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When a situation arises that is new, complex and not recognized, it calls for a ______ decision on the part of the employee.

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nonprogrammed

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As employees move up the corporate ladder, a larger percentage of their decisions become less and less _____.

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programmed

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___ decision-making model offers a step-by-step approach to making decisions that maximize outcomes by examining all available alternatives.

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Rational

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______ rationality is the notion that decision makers simply do not have the ability or resources to process all available information and alternatives to make an optimal decision.

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Bounded

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Satisfying results is when decision makers select the ____acceptable alternative considered.

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first

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_____ perception is the tendency for people to see their environment only as it affects them and as it is consistent with their expectations.

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Selective

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_______ _________ is the belief that others think, feel, and act the same way they do.

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Projection bias

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Social identity theory holds that people identify themselves by the _____ to which they belong and perceive and judge others by their group memberships.

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groups

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________occurs when people make assumptions about others on the basis of their membership in a social group.

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Stereotype

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When confronted with situations of uncertainty that require a decision on our part, we often use _______ —simple, efficient, rules of thumb that allow us to make decisions more easily.

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heuristics

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The ___ ____ is the tendency for people to base their judgments on information that is easier to recall.

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availability bias

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The tendency to rely too heavily, or "anchor," on one trait or piece of information when making decisions.

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Anchoring

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A biased prediction, due to the tendency to focus on the most salient and emotionally charged outcome.

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Availability bias

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The tendency to do (or believe) things because many other people do (or believe) the same.

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Bandwagon effect

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The tendency to remember one's choices as better than they actually were.

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Choice-supportive bias

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The tendency to search for or interpret information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions.

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Confirmation bias

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The enhancement or diminishment of a weight or other measurement when compared with recently observed contrasting object.

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Contrast effect

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The tendency for people to overestimate the degree to which others agree with them.

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False consensus effect

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The tendency to assume that individual random events are influenced by previous random events.

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Gambler's fallacy

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The tendency for a person's positive or negative traits to "spill over" from one area of their personality to another in others' perceptions of them.

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Halo effect

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Sometimes called the "I-knew-it-all-along" effect, the inclination to see past events as being predictable.

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Hindsight bias

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The tendency for human beings to believe they can control or at least influence outcomes that they clearly cannot.

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Illusion of control

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The tendency to weigh initial events more than subsequent events.

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Primacy effect

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The tendency to unconsciously assume that others share the same or similar thoughts, beliefs, values, or positions.

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Projection bias

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The tendency to weigh recent events more than earlier events.

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Recency effect

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The tendency to engage in behaviors that elicit results that will (consciously or subconsciously) confirm our beliefs.

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Self-fulfilling prophecy

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The fundamental attribution error argues that people have a tendency to judge others' behaviors as due to _____factors.

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internal

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The ______ bias occurs when we attribute our own failures to external factors and our own successes to internal factors.

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self-serving

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_________: Does this person tend to act differently in other circumstances?

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Distinctiveness

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______________Does this person always do this when performing this task?

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Consistency

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An internal attribution will occur if there is low ______, low distinctiveness, and high consistency.

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consensus

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An external attribution will occur if there is ____consensus, high distinctiveness, and low consistency.

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high

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____ ___ _____ refers to the decision to continue to follow a failing course of action.

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Escalation of commitment

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People have a tendency, when presented with a series of decisions, to escalate their commitment to _____decisions, even in the face of obvious failures.

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_____ does influence job performance. It is moderately correlated with task performance.

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Learning

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Learning is only _______related to organizational commitment.

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weakly

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Having higher levels of job knowledge is associated with slight increases in ______attachment to the firm.

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emotional

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____represents a systematic effort by organizations to facilitate the learning of job-related knowledge and behavior.

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Training

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Over $55.8 ____ and approximately $1,273 per learner was spent on formal training and development costs in 2006.

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billion

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_____transfer is the transfer of knowledge from older, experienced workers to younger employees.

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Knowledge

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____ modeling training ensures that employees have the ability to observe and learn from those in the company with significant amounts of tacit knowledge.

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behavior

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________ are groups of employees who work together and learn from one another by collaborating over an extended period of time.

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Communities of practice

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______ occurs when the knowledge, skills, and behaviors used on the job are maintained by the learner once training ends and used to the workplace once the learner returns to the job.

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Transfer of training

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