ch 7 psych: learning – Flashcards
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Pavlov's dog stopped salivating to the bell when the food was no longer paired with the bell. This is called:
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extinction
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Punishment _____ the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcement _____ the rate of operant responding.
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decreases, increases
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B.F. Skinner believed that using _____ was the best way to shape desirable behavior.
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positive reinforcement
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Punishment _____ the rate of operant responding.
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decreases
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The cognitive processes in _____ conditioning involve the organism expecting that a response will be reinforced or punished with or without reinforcement.
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operant
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Learning that is not immediately demonstrated in overt behavior is called _____ learning.
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latent
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an automatic response to some stimulus
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respondent behavior
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learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
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latent learning
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B.F. Skinner believed that _____ influences, not thoughts and feelings, shape animal and human behavior.
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exteranal
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Money is an _____ reward.
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extrinsic
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Children observing violent and destructive behavior and then modeling that behavior is an example of:
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antisocial effect
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the basis for Skinners work on operant conditioning and behavior control
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Thorndikes law of effect
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reinforcing a desired response only of the time it occurs
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partial reinforcement
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partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after unpredictable time periods
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variable interval schedule
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learning to link 2 stimuli to understand reactions
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classical conditioning
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changing behavior choices in response to consequences
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operational conditioning
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states that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely than those followed by unfavorable consequences
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thorndikes law of effect
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pioneered more controlled methods of studying conditioning
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Skinners operant chamber
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acquiring new behaviors and information mentally rather than by direct experience
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cognitive learning
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stimulus which triggers a response naturally without conditioning
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unconditioned
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the initial stage of learning/conditioning
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acquisition
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the diminishing of a conditioned response
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extinction
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a stimulus that meets a basic need
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primary reinforcer
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stimulus such as money, which has become associated with a primary reinforcer
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secondary reinforcer
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schedule that reinforces a response only after a SPECIFIED number of responses (every so many behaviors)
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fixed ratio
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schedule that reinforces a response after an UNPREDICTABLE number of responses (high, consistent responding)
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variable ratio
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Have the opposite effects of reinforcement and the consequences make the target behavior less likely to occur in the future
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punishment
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the tendency to have conditioned responses triggered by related stimuli
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generalization
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refers to the desire to perform a behavior well for its own sake (satisfaction)
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intrinsic motivation
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refers to doing a behavior to receive rewards from others
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extrinsic motivation
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reflect the feelings and actions of others
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mirror neurons
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copying adult behaviors that have no function or reward
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over imitating
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actions which benefit others, contribute value to groups, and follow modes and social norms
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prosocial behavior
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actions that are harmful to society and individuals
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antisocial behavior
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learning that certain events occur together
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associative learning
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allows us to learn from others experiences
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observational learning
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stimulus that used to be neutral
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conditioned stimulus
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learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
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conditioned response
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unlearned, naturally occurring response
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unconditioned response
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negative reinforcement is not...
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punishment
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removes an aversive stimulus
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negative reinforcement
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any consequence that strengthens behavior
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reinforcement
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every so many=
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ratio
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every so often=
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interval
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predispose organisms to learn associations that are naturally adaptive
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biological constraints
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the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
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modeling
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pioneering researcher of observational learning
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Bandura
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the ability to infer another's mental state, sympathy and emphathy
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theory of mind
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