question

Classical and operant conditioning involves learning through _____, whereas observational learning involves learning through imitation.

answer

association

question

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment with dogs, the tone was the _____ stimulus.

answer

neutral

question

One of Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology was to show how psychology could be based on _____ methods.

answer

objective

question

relatively enduring behavior change that occurs due to experience

answer

learning

question

Pavlov's dog stopped salivating to the bell when the food was no longer paired with the bell. This is called:

answer

extinction

question

Punishment _____ the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcement _____ the rate of operant responding.

answer

decreases, increases

question

B.F. Skinner believed that using _____ was the best way to shape desirable behavior.

answer

positive reinforcement

question

Punishment _____ the rate of operant responding.

answer

decreases

question

The cognitive processes in _____ conditioning involve the organism expecting that a response will be reinforced or punished with or without reinforcement.

answer

operant

question

Learning that is not immediately demonstrated in overt behavior is called _____ learning.

answer

latent

question

an automatic response to some stimulus

answer

respondent behavior

question

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

answer

latent learning

question

B.F. Skinner believed that _____ influences, not thoughts and feelings, shape animal and human behavior.

answer

exteranal

question

Money is an _____ reward.

answer

extrinsic

question

Children observing violent and destructive behavior and then modeling that behavior is an example of:

answer

antisocial effect

question

the basis for Skinners work on operant conditioning and behavior control

answer

Thorndikes law of effect

question

reinforcing a desired response only of the time it occurs

answer

partial reinforcement

question

partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after unpredictable time periods

answer

variable interval schedule

question

learning to link 2 stimuli to understand reactions

answer

classical conditioning

question

changing behavior choices in response to consequences

answer

operational conditioning

question

states that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely than those followed by unfavorable consequences

answer

thorndikes law of effect

question

pioneered more controlled methods of studying conditioning

answer

Skinners operant chamber

question

acquiring new behaviors and information mentally rather than by direct experience

answer

cognitive learning

question

stimulus which triggers a response naturally without conditioning

answer

unconditioned

question

the initial stage of learning/conditioning

answer

acquisition

question

the diminishing of a conditioned response

answer

extinction

question

a stimulus that meets a basic need

answer

primary reinforcer

question

stimulus such as money, which has become associated with a primary reinforcer

answer

secondary reinforcer

question

schedule that reinforces a response only after a SPECIFIED number of responses (every so many behaviors)

answer

fixed ratio

question

schedule that reinforces a response after an UNPREDICTABLE number of responses (high, consistent responding)

answer

variable ratio

question

Have the opposite effects of reinforcement and the consequences make the target behavior less likely to occur in the future

answer

punishment

question

the tendency to have conditioned responses triggered by related stimuli

answer

generalization

question

refers to the desire to perform a behavior well for its own sake (satisfaction)

answer

intrinsic motivation

question

refers to doing a behavior to receive rewards from others

answer

extrinsic motivation

question

reflect the feelings and actions of others

answer

mirror neurons

question

copying adult behaviors that have no function or reward

answer

over imitating

question

actions which benefit others, contribute value to groups, and follow modes and social norms

answer

prosocial behavior

question

actions that are harmful to society and individuals

answer

antisocial behavior

question

learning that certain events occur together

answer

associative learning

question

allows us to learn from others experiences

answer

observational learning

question

stimulus that used to be neutral

answer

conditioned stimulus

question

learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

answer

conditioned response

question

unlearned, naturally occurring response

answer

unconditioned response

question

negative reinforcement is not...

answer

punishment

question

removes an aversive stimulus

answer

negative reinforcement

question

any consequence that strengthens behavior

answer

reinforcement

question

every so many=

answer

ratio

question

every so often=

answer

interval

question

predispose organisms to learn associations that are naturally adaptive

answer

biological constraints

question

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

answer

modeling

question

pioneering researcher of observational learning

answer

Bandura

question

the ability to infer another's mental state, sympathy and emphathy

answer

theory of mind

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