Ch. 7 & 8 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Which sociologist coined the term, "iron law of oligarchy?'
answer
Robert Michels
question
Samantha works in a place that is hierarchical in nature, has written rules, and has written communications and records. Based on these characteristics, what can we conclude about Samantha's workplace?
answer
Samantha works in a bureaucracy
question
What is the "rationalization of society?"
answer
the process of bureaucracies dominating social life
question
what does the Mc Donaldization of society referred to?
answer
The predictability and standardization of every day life
question
becky has placed pictures of her two children the family dog and her summer vacation on the walls of a cubicle by doing so what is Becky most likely trying to accomplish
answer
she's taking steps to resist alienation
question
One would most likely find bureaucratic alienation to be an issue in which of the following communities?
answer
The Chrysler Corporation
question
The iron law oligarchy often takes hold in voluntary organizations because most of their members are passed true or false?
answer
True
question
although efficient be bureaucracies can also be cold and impersonal true or false?
answer
True
question
once the bureaucracy meets its intended goals it usually breaks up true or false?
answer
false
question
in a bureaucracy promoting people to their level of incompetence is called Parkinson's law true or false?
answer
false
question
List five differences identified by William Ouchi between US and Japanese corporations:
answer
-hiring, promoting teams - lifetime security - almost total involvement - broad training - decisions made by consensus
question
Group is made up of volunteers who organize on the basis of some mutual interests are called:
answer
voluntary associations
question
The groups in number one are:
answer
can be all the above (local, national, temporary, permanent)
question
which of the following are not a function of all voluntary associations:
answer
they lead the way to social change
question
people who actually promote the group and stand firmly behind its goals are called:
answer
inner circle
question
which of the following best describes the iron lot of oligarchy?
answer
The domination organizations by small self perpetuating elite
question
True or false: the US political parties have fallen prey to the iron law of oligarchy
answer
True
question
according to Rosebeth Moss Kanter what is an aspect of hidden corporate culture?
answer
self-fulfilling stereotypes lead managers to promote workers who are more like themselves
question
_____ is the term Robert Merton used to describe an originally false assertion that became true simply because it was predicted
answer
self-fulfilling prophecy
question
most major companies sponsor diverse city training lectures and workshops for their employees. What is the main reason corporations undertake these efforts?
answer
they increased company profits
question
humanized work settings:
answer
all these characteristics are true (offer more equal access to opportunities, distribute power equally, are more open to decision-making, have flexible rules)
question
True or false: people work more effectively in small groups then and centralize common structure.
answer
True
question
True or false: when employees own all or most of the company stock it aluminates problems between workers and management.
answer
false
question
our current society maybe transforming into a____society.
answer
Biotech
question
The idea that you fission C and practical results should dominate human affairs is called
answer
rationality
question
until recently people have had the____view of life.
answer
traditional
question
according to Carl Marx the change to____affected the way people thought about life
answer
capitalism
question
according to Max Weber it was____that changed the way people viewed the future
answer
religion
question
secondary groups designed to achieve explicit objectives are called:
answer
formal organizations
question
of the following characteristics which of the following least applies to bureaucracies?
answer
personal attention and individualism
question
Meredith works in a corporation where her supervisors ignore her, and her suggestions on how to improve the department in which she works are rejected it without comment. Meredith has begun to feel more like an object rather than a person in the organization. What is the dysfunction of a bureaucracy that Meredith is experiencing?
answer
bureaucratic alienation
question
The March of Dimes was originally formed to cure polio. When the polio vaccine was discovered, the March of Dimes changed its goals to prevent birth defects. Now it's simply promotes healthier babies as its goals. What is such a change in an organization's mission called?
answer
goal displacement
question
what term describes the tendency of a bureaucracy to promote its employees to their level of incompetence?
answer
The Peter principle
question
True or false: as a result of their fission C bureaucracies have had few if any flaws
answer
false
question
which sociological concepts is best illustrated by Napoleon Chagnon's experience with the Yanomamo in the rain forest of Brazil?
answer
The relativity of deviance
question
Who was the sociologist who described the deviants this way: "it is not the act itself but the reaction to the act, that make something deviant? "
answer
Howard Becker
question
for deviant act to be classified as a crime, what quality must pertain to it?
answer
it must be a rule written in law
question
Who was the sociologist that use the term stigma to referred to characteristics that discredit people from full social acceptance?
answer
Erving Goffman
question
which concept of culture is credited with making social life possible and behavior predictable?
answer
norms
question
what is the term for all of the groups customary social arrangements that provide predictability in life and which depend on the enforcement of norms?
answer
social order
question
what concept refers to the formal and informal means of enforcing norms?
answer
social control
question
what are the unwritten, taken-for-granted "rules" that underlie our every day lives, such as not yelling "fire" in crowded classrooms or movie theaters?
answer
background assumptions
question
Who was the sociologist who developed the theory of differential association?
answer
Edwin Sutherland
question
what is the major difference between sociological and psychological theories used to explain deviance?
answer
sociological explanations focus on factors outside the individual, while psychological explanations look for answers within the individual
question
based on his theory about how we learn to either conform or deviate, what would Edwin Sutherland consider as the underlying cause of deviance?
answer
Group association
question
Who was the first sociologist to address the control theory based on Internet outer control's?
answer
Walter reckless
question
based on the control theory, when are in a controls most effective?
answer
when we have strong attachments, commitments, and involvement with society
question
what four variables contribute to one's bond with society?
answer
attachments, commitments, involvement, and beliefs
question
which theory of deviance places significance on names or reputations given to people when they engage in certain types of behavior?
answer
labeling theory
question
what variable did William Chambliss conclude was the deciding difference between the labels received by the Saints and the roughnecks?
answer
The difference in social class of the Saints compared to the roughnecks
question
Emile Durkheim's stated several reasons why deviant was actually functional for society. Which of the following was not one of them?
answer
One deviant acts leads to another, which increases social solidarity.
question
Al Capone, "lucky" Luciano, John Gotti, and other heads of organized crime fall under which mode of adaption?
answer
innovator
question
based on Mertons strain theory, drug addicts, alcoholics, the homeless, and others who have rejected both the cultural goals and the institutional means of achieving them are engaged in which mode adaption?
answer
retreatism
question
what is the major difference between white-collar crimes and street crimes?
answer
white-collar crimes are not acts committed in the course of a legitimate occupation, street crimes are not
question
since Frank graduated from high school he has held only seasonal and part-time jobs. Because he has a few marketable skills he is the first to be laid off when he finds what may be a more permanent position. And you have this how would a conflict theorist categorize Frank?
answer
Frank is a member of the marginal working class
question
which sociological perspective is inclined to view the law as an instrument of repression and a tool designed to maintain the powerful in the privileged positions?
answer
conflict perspective
question
what is the defining quality of hate crimes?
answer
they are motivated by bias against someone's ascribed status
question
based on figure 6.2, how much is enough? The explosion in the number of US prisoners, which of the following statements best summarizes the graph?
answer
The prison population has risen since 1970, experiencing rapid growth between 1980 and 2010
question
in the figure above, recidivism of US prisoners, it shows stealing cars is the crime with the highest rearrest rate. What are some reasons for this ranking?
answer
The punishment is not as severe as murder, this leaves the criminal open to the world with a criminal record and unemployment, criminal commits a crime again
question
based on Merton's theory, what is the most common reaction to cultural goals and the institutionalized means to meet them?
answer
conformity
question
what are the two primary variables addressed in string theory, each of which contributes to determining an individual's load of adaption?
answer
Cultural goals and institutionalized means
question
Who were the two sociologist most responsible for theory of illegitimate opportunity structures to explain deviant behavior?
answer
Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin
question
what is the term refers to crimes committed by people of respectable and high social status
answer
white-collar crime
question
based on the number of violent crimes per capita, what is the most dangerous state in the United States?
answer
South Carolina
question
what is the approximate number of prisoners in jail inmates in the United States today?
answer
over 2 million
question
which two major tech Meeks does the text discuss as ways that society has for angry people to protect them from becoming prison inmates?
answer
marriage and education
question
The crime with the highest recidivism rate is____and the crime with the lowest recidivism rate is____.
answer
stealing cars; murder
question
what is the classification of homicide that involves the killing of several victims in three or more separate events?
answer
serial murder
question
Who are the two most likely victims of a hate crime based on religion and race?
answer
african-American and Jewish
question
Who is the psychiatric who denounce the medicalization of deviance and proclaimed mental illnesses are neither mental nor illness... They are problems behaviors?
answer
Thomas Szasz
question
Who was the European sociologist who pointed out that deviance was inevitable and that it would exist even in a group of Saints?
answer
Emile Durkheim
