question

The perceptual disorder in which a person has lost the ability to recognize familiar faces is

answer

prosopagnosia

question

The process by which our sensory receptors and NS receive and represent stimulus energies from the environment and encode it as neural signals is__. The process by which sensations are organized and interpreted is__.

answer

sensation; perception

question

Sensory analysis, which starts at the entry level and works up is called__. Perceptual analysis, which works from our experience and expectations is called__.

answer

bottom-up processing; top-down processing

question

sensation is to what as perception is to

answer

detecting a stimulus; recognizing a stimulus

question

superman's eyes used what while his brain used

answer

bottom up; top down

question

concluding her presentation on sensation and perception, kelly notes that

answer

sensation and perception bend into one continuous process

question

all our senses perform three basic steps; they what sensory info,___ that stimulation into neural impulses that our brain can use and____ that neural info to our brain

answer

receive; transform; deliver

question

the process of converting one form of energy into another that your brain can use it called

answer

transduction

question

the what refers to the minimum stimulation necessary for a stimulus to be detected what % of the time

answer

absolute threshold; 50

question

stimuli you cannot detect 50% of the time are below threshold or what?

answer

subliminal

question

under certain conditions, an invisible image or word can BLANK a person's response to a later question. The BLANK illustrates that much of our info processing occurs BLANK outside BLANK awareness. This is another illustration of our BLANK-BLANK mind.

answer

prime; priming effect; automatically; conscious; two track

question

The minimum difference required to distinguish two stimuli 50% of the time is called__. Another term is called__.

answer

difference threshold; JND

question

the principle that the diff. threshold is not a constant amount but a constant minimum proportion is___. The proportion depends on the__.

answer

`Weber's law, stimulus

question

while you are outside with your friends, you see a dog that appears to be howling but you cant hear any sound coming from the dog. The dog's howling is below your

answer

absolute threshold; the minimum stimulation needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time.

question

In shopping for a new stereo, you discover that cannot differentiate between the sounds of models X and Y. The difference between X and Y is below your

answer

difference threshold

question

Some marketers claim that we can BLANK sense subliminal stimuli, and that such stimuli have extraordinary BLANK powers.

answer

unconsciously; persuasive

question

the effect of such stimuli is WHAT and has WHAT on behavior

answer

Fleeting; no enduring influence

question

after constant exposure to an unchanging stimulus, the receptor cells of our senses begin to fire less vigorously, this phenomenon is called

answer

sensory adaptation

question

this phenomenon illustrates that sensation is designed to focus on WHAT changes in the environment

answer

informative

question

a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not the other is called

answer

perceptual set

question

how stimulus is perceived depends on our perceptual WHAT and the BLANK in which it is experienced.

answer

Set; context

question

The context of a stimulus creates WHAT expectation that influences our perception as we match our WHAT signal against it

answer

top dwn; bottom up

question

our perceptions are also influenced, top dwn, by our WHAT. For example, a water bottle seems closer if we are WHAT. _____ can similarly shove our WHAT in one direction or another.

answer

motivations; thirsty; emotions; social perceptions

question

although carpenter smith perceived a briefly viewed object as a screwdriver, police perceived the same object as a knife. This illustrates that perception is guided by

answer

perceptual set

question

the visible spectrum of light is small portion of the wide spectrum of WHAT energy

answer

electromagnetic

question

the distance from one light wave peak to the next is called WHAT. This value determines the wave's color or BLANK. The amount of energy in light waves, or BLANK determined by a waves BLANK or height, influences the BLANK of a light.

answer

wavelength; hue; intensity; amplitude; brightness

question

light enters the eye through the BLANK then passes thru small opening called the BLANK; the size of this opening is controlled by the colored BLANK.

answer

cornea; pupil; iris

question

the curve thickness of the BLANK change in order to focus the image of an object onto the BLANK, the light sensitive inner surface of the eye

answer

lens; retina

question

The retina's receptor cells are the BLANK and BLANK

answer

rods; cones

question

The neural signals produced in the rods and cones activate the neighboring BLANK cells which activate a network of BLANK cells

answer

bipolar; ganglion

question

the axons of ganglion cellls converge to form the BLANK, which carries the visual info to the BLANK, the brain region that distributes the info.

answer

optic nerve; thalamus

question

Where this nerve leaves the eye, there are no receptor cells; thus, the area is called the

answer

blind spot

question

most cones are clustered around the retina's area of BLANK, whereas the rods are concentrated in more BLANK regions of the retina. Many cones have their own BLANK cells to communicate with the visual cortex. Rods BLANK have direct links.

answer

central focus (fovea); peripheral; bipolar; do not

question

it is the BLANK of the eye that permit the perception of color, whereas BLANK enable black and white vision

answer

cones; rods

question

unlike cones, in dim light the rods are

answer

sensitive

question

the retinas receptor cells begin processing sensory info by BLANK and BLANK it; the resulting impulses head toward specific locations in your BLANK, stopping on the way in your BLANK.

answer

coding;analyzing, visual cortex; thalamus

question

Hubel and wiesal discovered that the neurons in these locations respond only to specific features of what is viewed. Because they respond only to particular BLANK and BLANK, they called these neurons. These neurons pass their info to other cortical areas , where teams of cells respond to complex patterns.

answer

edges; lines; angles; feature detectors

question

the brain achieves its remarkable speed in visual perception by processing several subdivisions of a stimulus BLANK. this procedure, called BLANK, may explain why people who have suffered a stroke may lose just one aspect of vision.

answer

simultaneously; parallel processing

question

to maximize your sensitivity to fine detail you should

answer

stare directly at the object

question

comparing the human eye to a camera, the film would be located in the eye's what?

answer

retina

question

what is true about cones

answer

cones enable vision cones are highly concentrated in the central region of the retina cones have a higher absolute threshold for brightness than rods

question

assuming that the visual systems of humans and other mammals function similarly, you would expect that the retina of a nocturnal mammal would contain

answer

mostly rods

question

as the football game continued into the night, Fabian notices that he was having difficulty distinguishing the colors of the players uniforms. this is because the BLANK, which enable color vision, have a BLANK absolute threshold for brightness than the available light intensity

answer

cones; higher

question

an object appears to be in color because it BLNK the long wavelengths of red and because of our mental BLANK of the color

answer

reflects (rejects); construction

question

one out of every 50% people is color blind; this usually a male because the defect is genetically

answer

sex linked

question

According to the BLNK theory, the eye have three types of color receptors: one reacts most strongly to BLANK, one to BLANK and one to BLANK.

answer

Trichomatic; red' green' blue

question

after staring at a green square for a while and then looking at a white sheet of paper, you will see the color red its BLANK color as an BKANK

answer

Opponent; after image

question

hering's theory of color vision is called the BLANK theory. According to this theory, after visual info leaves the receptors it is analyzed in terms of pairs opposing colors; BLNK versus BLNK, BLNK vs. BLNK, and BLNK vs. BLNK.

answer

opponent process; red green; yellow blue; black white

question

according to the BLANK school of psychology, we tend to organize a cluster of sensations into a BLANK, or form

answer

gestalt; whole

question

when we view a scene, we see the central object, or BLANK, as a distinct from surrounding stimuli, or the BLANK.

answer

figure; ground

question

proximity, continuity, and closure are examples of gestalt rules of

answer

grouping

question

the principle that we organize stimuli into smooth continuous patters is called BLANK. the principle that we fill in gaps to create a complete, whole object is BLANK. the grouping of items that are close to each other is the principle of BLANK.

answer

continuity; closure; proximity

question

studying the road map before her trip, meli has no trouble following the route of the highway she planned to travel. meli's ability shows the principle of

answer

continuity

question

the ability to see objects in 3 dimensions despite their two dimensional representations on our retinas is calledBLANK. It helps us to predict BLANK.

answer

depth perception; distance

question

gibson and walk developed the BLANK to test depth perception in infants. they found that each species, by the time it is BLANK, has the perceptual abilities it needs

answer

visual cliff; mobile

question

any cue that requites both eyes

answer

binocular

question

the greater the difference between the images received by the two eyes, the nearer the object: BLANK 3-D movies simulate this cue by photographing each scene with two cameras

answer

retinal disparity

question

any cue that requires either eye alone:

answer

monocular

question

if two objects are presumed to be the same size, the one that casts a smaller retinal image is perceived as farther away:

answer

relative size

question

an object partially covered by another is seen as farther away:

answer

interposition

question

objects lower in the visual field are seen as nearer

answer

relative height

question

as we move, objects at different distances appear to move at different rates

answer

relative motion

question

parallel lines appear to converge in the distance

answer

linear perspective

question

the dimmer of two objects seems farther away:

answer

light and shadow

question

when two familiar objects of equal size cast unequal retinal images, the object that casts the smaller retinal image will be perceived as being

answer

smaller than the other object

question

as my friend cesar walks toward me, I perceive his size as remaining constant because his perceived distance BLANK at the same time that my retinal image of him BLANK

answer

decreases; increases

question

how do I perceive a pole that partially covers a wall

answer

as nearer

question

fabian paints a tree orchard so that the parallel rows of trees converge at the top of the canvas. Which cue did fabian use to convey distance?

answer

linear perspective

question

objects higher in our field of vision are perceived as BLANK due to the principle of BLANK

answer

farther away; relative height

question

our tendency to see objects as unchanging while the stimuli from them change in size, shape, and color is BLANK, process called

answer

top down; perceptual constancy

question

the experience of color depends on the surrounding BLANK in which an object is seen. in an unvarying context, a familiar object will be perceived as having consistent color, even as the light changed. This phenomenon is called

answer

context;color constancy

question

we see color as a result of our brains computations of the light BLANK by any object relative to its BLANK

answer

reflected; surrounding objects

question

due to shape and size constancy, familiar objects BLANK appear to change or size despite changes in our BLANK images of them

answer

do not; retinal

question

several illusions, including the BLANK illusion, are explained by the interplay between perceived BLANK and perceived BLANK. When distance cues are removed these illusions are BLANK.

answer

moon; size; distance; diminished

question

in the absence of perceptual constancy

answer

objects would appear to change size as their distance from us changed

question

my friend throws me a ball. I know that is is getting closer instead of larger because of

answer

size constancy

question

the idea that knowledge comes from inborn ways of organizing sensory experiences was proposed by the german philosopher

answer

immanuel kant

question

on the other side were philosophers who maintained that we learn to perceive the world by experiencing it. One british philosopher of this school was

answer

john locke

question

studies of cases in which vison has been restored to a person who was blind from birth show that, upon seeing tactilely familiar objects for the first time, the person BLANK recognize them

answer

cannot

question

studies of sensory restriction demonstrate that visual perceptual development. such as experiences suggest that there is a BLANK for normal sensory and perceptual development

answer

critical period

question

humans given glasses that shift or invert the visual field BLANK adapt to distorted perception. This is called BLANK. animals such as baby chicks BLANK to distorting lenses.

answer

will; perceptual adaptation; do not adapt

question

the basic taste sensations are BLANK, and a meaty taste called

answer

sweet, sour, salty, bitter an umami

question

taste, which is a BLANK sense, is enabled by the 200 or more BLANK on the top and sides of the tongue. Each contains a BLANK with antenna- like hairs that detect info about molecules of food chemicals and carry it back to your BLANK

answer

chemical; taste buds; pore; taste; receptor cells

question

taste receptors reproduce themselves every BLANK. as we age, the number of taste buds BLANK and our taste sensitivity BLANK. taste is also affected by BLANK and by BLANK use and by our BLANK

answer

week or two; decreases; decreases; smoking; alcohol; expectations

question

like taste, smell, or BLANK is a BLANK sense. there BLANK a distinct receptor for each detectable odor

answer

olfaction; chemical; is not

question

odors are able to evoke memories and feelings bcus there is a direct link between the brain area that gets info from the nose and the brain centers associated with memories and

answer

emotions

question

70 ms gonzales finds that she must spice her food heavily or she cannot taste it. unfortunatleym, her son often finds her cooking inedible bcus it is so spicy, what is the likely explanation?

answer

being 70 ms gonzales has fewer taste buds than her son

question

the absolute threshold varies depending on the stimulus (sight, sound, or touch)

answer

b

question

if you can JND between 10 and pound weights, which of the following weights could you differentiate from a 100 pound weight?

answer

110 pound weight

question

a decrease in sensory responsiveness accompanying an unchanging stimulus is called

answer

sensory adaptation

question

the receptor of the eye that functions best in dum light is the

answer

rod

question

frequency is to pitch as BLANK is to BLANK

answer

amplitude; loudness

question

the transduction of light energy into nerve impulses takes place in the

answer

retina

question

the brain breaks vision into separate dimensions such as movements, form, depth, and color, and works on each aspect simultaneously. this is called

answer

parallel processing

question

one light may appear reddish and another greenish if they differ in

answer

wavelength

question

why a rose appears equally red in a bright and dim light?

answer

color constancy

question

ex of sensory adaptation

answer

finding the cold water of a pool warmer after you have been in it for a while

question

most color deficient people will probably

answer

lack functioning red- or green sensitive cones

question

the historical movement associated with statement " the whole may exceed the sum of its parts" is

answer

gestalt psychology

question

figures tend to be perceived as a whole, complete objects, even if spaces or gaps exist in the representation, thus demonstrating the principle of

answer

closure

question

the figure ground relationship

answer

the same stimulus can trigger more than one perception

question

when we stare at an object, each eye receives a slightly different image providing a depth cue

answer

retinal disparity

question

as we move, viewed objects cast changing shapes on our retinas, although we do not perceive the objects as changing. this is part of the phenomenon of

answer

perceptual constancy

question

BLANK processing refers to how the physical characteristics of stimuli influence their interpretation

answer

bottom up

question

which is not a monocular depth cue

answer

retinal disparity

question

figure is to ground as BLANK is to BLANK

answer

cloud; sky

question

the study of perception is primarily concerned with how we

answer

interpret sensory stimuli

question

which influences perception

answer

biological maturation, the context in which stimuli are perceived, expectations

question

which is not a basic taste

answer

bland

question

bottom up processing begins with the

answer

sensory receptors

question

process by which sensory info is converted neural energy us

answer

transduction

question

opponent process theory

answer

neurons involves in color vision are stimulated by one color's wavelength and inhibited by another's

question

weber's law

answer

the JND for any stimulus is a constant proportion

question

the principle that one sense may influence another is

answer

sensory interaction

question

wavelength is to BLANK as BLANK is to brightness

answer

hue; intensity

question

concerning the evidence for subliminal stimulation

answer

the brain processes some info w/o our awareness, stimuli too weak to cross our thresholds for awareness may trigger a response in our sense receptors, an unnoticed image or word can briefly prime our response to a later question

question

a subliminal stimulus is one that

answer

is too weak to cross either the difference threshold or the absolute threshold

question

how we process color

answer

color processing occurs in two stages: a three color system in the retina and opponent process cells en route to the visual cortex

question

the tendency to organize stimuli into smooth, uninterrupted patterns is called

answer

proximity

question

gestalt theory of perception

answer

the mind organizes sensations into meaningful perceptions

question

the phenomenon that refers to the ways in which an individuals expectations influence perception is

answer

perceptual set

question

the depth cue that occurs when we watch stable objects at diff distances as we are moving is

answer

relative motion

question

esp

answer

most research psychologists are skeptical of the claims of defenders of ESP

question

gestalt means

answer

whole

question

studies of the visual cliff have provided evidence that much of depth perception is

answer

innate

question

laws of perceptual organizations are

answer

closure, continuity, proximity

question

you perceive the diagram above as three sets of two lines to the principle of

answer

proximity

question

retina

answer

contains rods and cones

question

rods

answer

vision in dim light

question

cones

answer

color vision

question

Once we perceive an item as a figure, it is impossible to see it as a ground

answer

F

question

laboratory experiments have laid to rest all criticisms of ESP

answer

F

question

6 mos infants will cross visual cliff if their mother calls

answer

F

question

unlike other animals, humans have no critical period for visual stimulation

answer

F

question

immanuel kant argued that experience determined how we perceive the world

answer

F

question

it is just as easy to touch two pencil tips together with only one eye open as it is with two eyes open

answer

F

question

after some time, humans are able to adjust to living in a world made upside down by distorting goggles

answer

true

question

as our distance from an object changes, the objects size seems to change

answer

f

question

perception is influenced by psychological factors such as set and expectation as well as by physiological events

answer

true

question

john locke argued that perception is inborn

answer

false

question

cornea

answer

light enters the eye thru this transparent membrane, protects the inner structures from the environment

question

iris

answer

colored part, functions like the aperture of a camera, controlling the size of the pupil to optimize the amount of light that enters the ye

question

pupil

answer

the adjustable opening in the iris, the pupil slows light to enter

question

lens

answer

this transparent structure behind the pupil changes shape to focus images on the retina

question

retina

answer

the light sensitive inner surface of the eye, the retina contains the rods and cones, which transduce light energy into neural impulses

question

blind spot

answer

the region of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye, the blind spot contains no rods or cones and so there is not vision here

question

optic nerves

answer

this bundle of nerve fibers carries neural impulses from the retina to the brain

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