Ch 5: Digestive System Part 1–Pronunciation of Terms – Flashcards
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absorption
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passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream
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achalasia
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failure of the lower esophageal sphincter muscle (LES) to relax
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achlorhydria
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absence of hydrochloric acid from the gastric juice
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amino acids
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small building blocks of proteins, released when proteins are digested
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amylase
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an enzyme that digests (breaks down) starches into simpler substances (such as sugars)
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anal fistula
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abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus
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anastomosis
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a surgical procedure that creates a new opening between two previously unconnected tubular organs or parts of the same organ
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anorexia
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lack of appetite
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anus
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the opening of the rectum to the outside of the body
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aphthous stomatitis
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inflammation of the mouth with small ulcers; canker sores
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appendectomy
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removal or excision of the appendix
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appendicitis
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inflammation of the appendix
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appendix
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small, slender sac near the beginning of the colon in the RLQ of the abdomen
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ascites
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abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
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bile
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digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder
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biliary
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pertaining to bile or bile ducts; bile ducts empty bile into the small intestine (duodenum)
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bilirubin
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orange-yellow pigment found in bile; it is released from the breakdown of hemoglobin when red blood cells die
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borborygmus
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rumbling or gurgling noise produced by hyperactive movement of gas, fluid or both in the gastrointestinal tract
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bowel
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intestine; the large bowel is called the colon and the small bowel is the small intestine
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buccal mucosa
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mucous membrane lining the cheek
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canine teeth
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pointed dog-like (canine means dog) teeth next to the incisors
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cecal
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pertaining to the cecum, which is the first part of the large intestine (colon)
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cecum
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first part of the large intestine (colon)
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celiac
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pertaining to the abdomen
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cheilosis
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abnormal condition of the lip
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cholecystectomy
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removal of the gallbladder
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choledochojejunostomy
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surgical anastomosis (creation of a new opening) between the common bile duct and the jejunum
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choledocholithiasis
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abnormal condition of stones in the common bile duct
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choledochotomy
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incision of the common bile duct
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cholelithiasis
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abnormal condition of stones (gallstones) in the gallbladder
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cirrhosis
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chronic, degenerative disease of the liver
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colon
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large intestine (bowel)
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colonic
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pertaining to the colon
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colonic polyps
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benign growths protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon
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colonoscopy
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visual endoscopic examination of the colon
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colorectal cancer
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adenocarcinoma of the colon or the rectum or both
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colostomy
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new opening of the colon through the abdominal wall to the outside of the body
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common bile duct
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tube carrying bile from the gallbladder and liver into the first part of the small intestine
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constipation
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difficulty in passing (eliminating) feces (stool)
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Crohn disease
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chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract
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defecation
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eliminating of wastes and undigested foods through the anus
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deglutition
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swallowing
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dental caries
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tooth decay
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dentibuccal
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pertaining to the cheek and teeth
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dentin
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primary material found in teeth; surrounding the pulp and covered by enamel of the crown
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diarrhea
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frequent passage of loose, watery stools
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digestion
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breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms
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diverticula
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small, pouch-like herniations through the muscular wall of a tubular organ such as the colon
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diverticulitis
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inflammation of diverticula; abdominal pain and rectal bleeding are symptoms
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diverticulosis
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abnormal outpouchings (diverticula) in the intestinal wall of the colon
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duodenal
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pertaining to the duodenum
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duodenum
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the first part of the small intestine
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dysentery
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painful, inflamed intestines commonly caused by bacterial infection
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dysphagia
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difficulty in swallowing
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elimination
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act of removal of materials from the body
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emulsification
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breakdown of large fat globules into smaller, digestible particles
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enamel
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hard, outermost layer of a tooth
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endodontist
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a dentist specializing in the inner parts of the tooth
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enterocolitis
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inflammation of the small intestine and colon
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enterocolostomy
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new surgical connection between parts of the small intestine and colon; anastomosis
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enzyme
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protein that speeds up the rate of a biochemical reaction
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eructation
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gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth
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esophageal
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pertaining to the esophagus
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esophageal cancer
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malignant tumor of the esophagus
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esophageal varices
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swollen, twisted veins at the lower end of the esophagus
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esophagus
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tube that carries food from the pharynx (throat) to the stomach
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etiology
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study of the cause of disease
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facial
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pertaining to the face
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fatty acids
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substances that are produced when fats are digested
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feces
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solid wastes; stools
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flatus
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gas expelled through the anus
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gallbladder
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small sac lying below the liver, in which bile is stored
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gastric cancer
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malignant tumor of the stomach
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gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
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solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach
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gastrointestinal tract
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the tubular system related to the stomach and intestines beginning with the mouth and ending with the anus
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gastrojejunostomy
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new surgical connection (anastomosis) between the stomach and the jejunum (second part of the small intestine)
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gastrostomy
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new opening of the stomach through the abdominal wall to the outside of the body
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gingivitis
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inflammation of gums
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gluconeogenesis
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process of producing new sugar from fats and proteins; occurs mainly in the liver
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glucose
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simple sugar necessary as a source of energy for body cells
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glycogen
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storage form of glucose (sugar); it produces glucose when it is broken down (glycogenolysis) in liver cells
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glycogenolysis
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breakdown of glycogen to release sugar
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hematochezia
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passage of bright red blood from the rectum
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hemorrhoids
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swollen, twisted veins in the rectal and anal region
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hepatoma
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tumor of the liver
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hepatomegaly
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enlargement of the liver
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herpetic stomatitis
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inflammation of the mouth caused by infection with the herpes virus
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hiatal hernia
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protrusion of the upper portion of the stomach upward though the diaphragm
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hydrochloric acid
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strong acid, present in a dilute form in the stomach; aids digestion
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hyperbilirubinemia
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high levels of bilirubin (yellow-orange pigment) in the bloodstream; jaundice
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hyperglycemia
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high levels of sugar in the bloodstream; often associated with diabetes mellitus
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hypoglossal
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pertaining to under the tongue
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icterus
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jaundice; yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood
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idiopathic
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pertaining to unknown cause of disease
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ileitis
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inflammation of the ileum (3rd part of the small intestine)
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ileoceccal sphincter
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ring of muscles that are between the ileum and the cecum (first part of the large intestine)
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ileostomy
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new opening of the ileum to the outside of the body
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ileum
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third (and final) portion of the small intestine
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ileus
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loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines
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incisor
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one of the four front teeth on either jaw
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inflammatory bowel disease
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inflammation of the colon and small intestine
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inguinal hernia
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a small loop of the bowel protrudes through a weakened lower abdominal muscle
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insulin
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hormone secreted by the endocrine cells of the pancreas which transports sugar from the blood into the cells
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intussusception
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telescoping of the intestines
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irritable bowel syndrome
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group of gastrointestinal symptoms (abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, and bloating) but without abnormalities in the intestines
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jaundice
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yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood
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jejunum
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second part of the small intestine
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labial
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pertaining to the lip
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laparoscopy
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process of visually examining the contents of the abdomen (using an endoscope)
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lipase
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pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats
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lipoma
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benign tumor of fatty tissue
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lithogenesis
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formation of stone (calculi)
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liver
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large, reddish-brown organ in the upper right quadrant (RUQ) of the abdomen
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lower esophageal sphincter
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ring of muscles between the esophagus and stomach
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mastication
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chewing
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melena
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black, tarry stools; feces containing blood
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mesentery
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membrane that holds the intestines together
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molar teeth
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sixth, seventh, and eighth teeth from the middle on either side of the dental arch
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nausea
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unpleasant sensation in the stomach with a tendency to vomit
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oral
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pertaining to the mouth
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oral leukoplakia
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white plaques or patches on the mucous membranes of the mouth
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orthodontist
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dentist specializing in straightening teeth
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palate
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roof of the mouth; hard palate is the front bony portion and the soft palate is the posterior fleshy part near the throat
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palatopharyngoplasty
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surgical repair of the pharynx and palate
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palatoplasty
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surgical repair of the palate (roof of the mouth)
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pancreas
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gland under and behind the stomach; produces enzymes to digest foods and the hormone insulin to transport sugar to cells
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pancreatic cancer
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malignant tumor of the pancreas
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pancreatitis
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inflammation of the pancreas
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papillae
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small elevations on the surface of the tongue containing taste buds
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parenteral
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pertaining to by some route other than through the gastrointestinal tract, as by intravenous injection
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parotid gland
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salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear
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peptic ulcer
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open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum
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perianal
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pertaining to surrounding the anus
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periodontal disease
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inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth and surrounding bone
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periodontist
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dentist specializing in treating the gums
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peristalsis
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rhythmic contractions of the tubes of the gastrointestinal tract and other tubular structures
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peritonitis
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inflammation of the peritoneum
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pharyngeal
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pertaining to the pharynx or throat
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pharynx
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throat
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portal vein
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large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines
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postprandial
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after meals
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premolar teeth
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either of the two teeth on each side of each jaw, just behind the canine teeth and in front of the molars
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proctologist
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specialist in the study of the anus and rectum
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protease
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enzyme that digests protein
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pulp
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soft tissue within a tooth containing nerves and blood vessels
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pyloric sphincter
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ring of muscles that surrounds the opening of the stomach to the duodenum
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pyloroplasty
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surgical repair of the pyloric sphincter
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pylorus
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distal region of the stomach near the duodenum
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pyorrhea
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discharge of pus from the gums
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rectocele
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hernia of the rectum
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rectum
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final section of the colon
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rugae
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ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach
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saliva
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digestive juice produced by salivary glands
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salivary glands
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three pairs of exocrine glands secreting saliva into the mouth; parotid glands, sublingual glands, and submandibular glands
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sialolith
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salivary gland stone; lodged in a salivary gland or duct
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sigmoid colon
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distal, lower end of the colon
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sigmoidoscopy
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visual endoscopic examination of the sigmoid colon
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sphincter
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circular ring of muscle that surrounds an opening or orifice
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steatorrhea
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discharge of fat in the feces due to improper digestions and malabsorption of fat
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stomatitis
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inflammation of the mouth
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sublingual
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pertaining to under the tongue
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submandibular
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pertaining to under the lower jaw (mandible)
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triglycerides
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chief form of fat (lipids) in body cells; composed of three molecules of fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol
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ulcerative colitis
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chronic inflammation of the colon with the presence of ulcers
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uvula
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small, fleshy mass hanging from the soft palate at the back of the mouth
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uvulectomy
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removal of the uvula
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villi
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finger-like projections on the inner surface of the small intestine; sites of absorption of foods and fluids
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viral hepatitis
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inflammation of the liver caused by a virus
