CH 5 & 6 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
social conditions and crime
answer
Social structure theory focuses on the association between ______________ and __________.
question
behavioral theory
answer
The major premise of ___________ is that people alter their behavior according to the reactions it receives from others, and includes social learning theory.
question
strain theorists
answer
________ believe that most people share similar values and goals but the ability to achieve these personal goals is stratified by socioeconomic class.
question
differences (heterogeneity)
answer
Durkheim said that crime is normal and linked to the __________ within society.
question
social forces
answer
According to the Chicago school, the study of social ecology led to the conclusion that ____________ operating in urban areas create criminal interactions.
question
psychodynamic theory
answer
______________ suggests that criminal offenders are aggressive, frustrated persons dominated by events experienced early in childhood. Their egos may be damaged or their superegos underdeveloped.
question
social strata
answer
___________ are created by unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige.
question
sociobiology
answer
____________ differs from earlier theories of behavior in that it stresses that biological and genetic conditions affect how social behaviors are learned and perceived.
question
social classes
answer
__________ are segments of population that have similar portions of things and share attitudes, values, norms, and lifestyles.
question
underclass
answer
Regarding Socioeconomic Structure and Crime, a world-wide _________ exists that is cut off from society because its members lack the education and skills needed to be effective in modern society.
question
truly disadvantaged
answer
The lowest levels of the underclass are labeled the "______________."
question
social structure theory
answer
____________ maintains that the social and economic forces operating in deteriorated lower-class areas are the key determinants of criminal behavior patterns.
question
social disorganization
answer
___________ Theory focuses on the conditions within the urban environment that affect crime rates.
question
arousal theory
answer
According to ___________, some people seek out risky situations and become more involved with criminal behavior as an avenue toward thrill-seeking due to a variety of genetic and environmental reasons.
question
strain theory
answer
___________ crime is a function of the conflict between goals people have and their means to legally obtain them.
question
cultural deviance
answer
___________ Theory combines elements of strain and social disorganization.
question
neurophysiology
answer
The study of brain activity is termed ______________. Some researchers believe neurological and physical abnormalities are acquired as early as the fetal or prenatal stage and that they control behavior throughout the life span.
question
differential opportunity
answer
According to ___________ theory, people in all strata of society share the same success goals; however, those in the lower class have limited means of achieving them.
question
cognitive theory
answer
_________ focuses on the mental processes and how people perceive and mentally represent the world around them.
question
disorganized
answer
___________ areas are ones in which institutions of social control have broken down.
question
subcultures
answer
____________ are unique lower-class cultures that develop in disorganized neighborhoods; their values and beliefs are in conflict with conventional values.
question
cultural transmission
answer
___________ is the process whereby subcultural values are handed down from one generation to the next.
question
parental deviance
answer
____________ is the idea that if criminal tendencies are inherited, then criminal parents will produce criminal children.
question
inheritance school
answer
Advocates of the _____________ traced generations of crime-prone families and posited that criminal tendencies were based on genetics.
question
cesare lombroso
answer
______________ says serious offenders were "born criminal" and had inherited a set of primitive physical traits.
question
evolutionary theory
answer
According to ____________, over the history of the human species, aggressive males have had the greatest impact on the gene pool.
question
social disorganization
answer
____________ theories link crime rates to neighborhood ecological characteristics.
question
collective efficacy
answer
According to the idea of ____________, cohesive communities with high levels of social control develop mutual trust and shared responsibilities.
question
biophobia
answer
_________ is the belief that no serious consideration should be given to biological factors when attempting to understand human nature.
question
social disorganization theory, strain theory, cultural deviance theory
answer
What are the three branches of social structure theory?
question
informal social control
answer
____________ - peers, families, relatives who exert informal control by awarding or withholding approval, respect, admiration.
question
institutional social control
answer
____________ - schools, churches, and after-school programs.
question
public social control
answer
_____________ - external control mechanisms such as levels of policing.
question
informal social control, institutional social control, public social control
answer
What are the three forms of collective efficacy?
question
structural strain
answer
___________ - says economic and social sources of strain shape collective behavior.
question
individual strain
answer
_____________ -says individual life experiences cause some people to suffer pain and misery, feelings that are then translated into antisocial behavior.
question
structural strain, individual strain
answer
what are the two formulations of strain theories?
question
culturally defined goals and socially approved means of obtaining them
answer
According to Merton's Theory of Anomie, which two culture elements interact to produce anomic conditions?
question
hypoglycemia
answer
____________ is a condition that occurs when glucose (sugar) in the blood falls below levels necessary for normal and efficient brain functioning.
question
neocortex
answer
The ________ controls sympathetic feelings toward others and are affected by androgens, which can result in emotional volatility.
question
somatotype
answer
The body build or _________________ school developed by William Sheldon held that criminals manifest distinct physiques that make them susceptible to particular types of antisocial behavior.
question
false
answer
True or False Biosocial theory contends that all humans are born with equal potential to learn and achieve.
question
false
answer
True or False Biophobia is the belief that serious consideration should be given to biological factors when attempting to understand human nature.
question
true
answer
True or False From the perspective of evolutionary theory, robbery may be an alluring pursuit for men who want to show their physical prowess and display resources with which to conquer rivals and attract mates.
question
true
answer
True or False From the perspective of evolutionary theory, robbery may be an alluring pursuit for men who want to show their physical prowess and display resources with which to conquer rivals and attract mates.
question
nurture
answer
There are two theories regarding the association between intelligence and crime. ____________ theory argues that intelligence is not inherited and that parents with a low-IQ do not necessarily produce low-IQ children.
question
behavior modeling
answer
Social learning theorists view violence as something learned through a process called ____________________.
question
nature theory
answer
______________ argues that intelligence is largely determined genetically, and is linked to criminal behavior.
question
hormonal
answer
________ changes may be able to explain gender differences in the crime rate and regional and temporal differences in the crime rate.
question
conduct disorder
answer
Many ADHD children also suffer from ____________________ and continually engage in aggressive and anti-social behavior in early childhood.
question
true
answer
True or False Trait theories can be divided into two major sub-divisions: one that stresses psychological functioning and the other that stresses biological make-up.
question
anti-social behavior
answer
___________________ is defined as a pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others.
question
true
answer
True or False The relationship between impairment in executive brain functions and aggressive behavior is significant.
question
latent delinquency
answer
_______________ is found in youngsters whose personalities require them to seek immediate gratification, to consider their own needs more important than others, and to satisfy instinctive urges without considering right and wrong.
question
true
answer
True or False Some trait theorists believe biochemical conditions, including those that are genetically predetermined and those acquired through diet and environment, control and influence antisocial behavior.
question
false
answer
True or False Recent studies suggest that lead ingestion is linked to aggressive behaviors on a macro- but not a micro-level.
question
true
answer
True or False The work of Cesare Lombroso and his contemporaries is regarded today as a historical curiosity, not scientific fact.
question
moral
answer
According to Freud, the superego is the ________ aspect of one's personality.
question
true
answer
True or False Research findings indicate in some cases sugar intake has been found to possibly reduce or curtail violent tendencies.
question
true
answer
True or False Children suffering from measurable neurological deficits at birth are believed to also suffer from antisocial traits throughout their life.
question
general strain theory
answer
According to Robert Agnew, ______________states that individuals who feel stress and strain are more likely to commit crimes.
question
culture conflict
answer
______________ occurs when the rules expressed in the criminal law clash with the demands of group conduct norms.
question
True
answer
True or False Cohesive communities with high levels of social control develop collective efficacy.
question
true
answer
True or False According to Sellin, culture conflict occurs when the rules expressed in criminal law clash with the demands of group conduct norms.
question
conduct norms
answer
The rules governing day-to-day living conditions within a culture, group, or political structure are termed _______________.
question
anomie
answer
According to Durkheim, ________ is a state of normlessness during periods of rapid social change or social crisis that undermines society's social control function.
question
underclass
answer
Gunnar Myrdal described a worldwide _______ that was cut off from society, its members lacking the education and skills needed to be effectively in demand in modern society.
question
True
answer
True or False People in the United States live in a stratified society.
question
false
answer
True or False Cultural deviance theory links crime rates to neighborhood ecological characteristics.
question
middle-class measuring rods
answer
Cohen labeled standards set by authority figures such as teachers, employers or supervisors as ___________________.
question
institutions of social control
answer
A socially disorganized area is one in which the ________________ have broken down and can no longer carry out their expected or stated functions.
question
true
answer
True or False A subculture is a unique set of values and beliefs that are in conflict with conventional social norms.
question
concentric zone
answer
Shaw and McKay's __________ analysis indicated that even though crime rates changed, the areas with the highest rates were always in central city and the transitional area.
question
social ecology school
answer
The ____________________________ holds that living in deteriorated, crime-ridden neighborhoods exerts a powerful influence over behavior, strong enough to neutralize the positive effects of a supportive family and close social ties.
question
chicago school
answer
The __________________ is concerned with the social ecology crime in urban areas.
question
culture of poverty
answer
Apathy, cynicism, helplessness, and mistrust of social institutions, such as schools, government agencies, and the police mark the _____________.
question
anger
answer
According to general strain theory, which negative emotion is most important in the study of crime?
question
focal concerns
answer
______________ are the unique value system that dominates life among the lower class.
question
social structure theories
answer
______________ suggest that social and economic forces operating in deteriorated lower-class areas are the key determinant of criminal behavior patterns.
question
collective efficacy
answer
___________________ is promoted through the cohesion among neighborhood residents combined with shared expectations for informal social control of public space.
question
negative affective states
answer
The anger, frustration, and adverse emotions that emerge in the wake of negative and destructive social relationships are known as _______.
question
social strata
answer
___________are created by the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige.
question
concentrated poverty
answer
________ in which the most disadvantaged population is consolidated in the most disorganized urban neighborhoods.
question
siege mentality
answer
some residents become so suspicious of authority that they develop a _______ in which the outside world is considered the enemy out to destroy the neighborhood.
