Ch.4 abnormal psychology – Flashcards
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Classification
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Classification: subdividing or organizing a set of related objects
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Is it easy to id a mental disorder? Abnormal behaviors...
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Its not easy to identify a mental disorder... abnormal behaviors are sometimes hard to see, and it could just be normal behviors at extreme levels.
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WHy is getting diagnosed important?
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Someone with a mental disorder doesnt just affect themselves, it affects their relationship with others... so its important to get medication, treatment to get better, and not doing so can impact how you behave with others.
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Why classify disorder?
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■ Benefits: - Facilitates description & communication - Aids treatment decisions & prognosis - Facilitates research on etiology, treatment outcome - Facilitates 3rd party
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Concerns about a class system?
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■ Concerns: - May lead to stigmatization - Unrelated problems may be misattributed to the disorder (depression when its thyroid - Expectations for behavior may change
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Categories v dimensions
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Categorical approach Reflects a difference in kind or quality ■ Categorical approach - "Yes" or "No" - People with abnormal behaviors are qualitatively different than other people (discrete groups) - Largely used by DSM-5 ■ Dimensional approach Focuses on the amount of a particular characteristic an object possesses ■ Dimensional approach - How much? - People with abnormal behaviors are quantitatively different (continuum)
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DSM means
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
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ICD means
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■ International Statistical Classification of Diseases & Related Health Problems (ICD)
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When was ICD 10 made? Who helped make it?
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(1992) ■ World Health Organization ■ Physical and mental disorders
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When will ICD 11 come out?
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2017
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What was DSM 1 used for? when was it made?
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It was used in 1952 It was the first official manual of mental disorders. • Introduced post World War II • Relied heavily on psych-dynamic concepts, internal struggles
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DSM II when was it made? what did it include?
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DSM-II (1968) § Psychodynamic perspective § Included behavioral disorder of childhood and adolescence § New section for sexual deviation (homosexuality, sadism, others) § Homosexual diagnosis was removed in the seventh printing of the DSM-II
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What were problems with the second DSM?
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In the second, people didnt like how ti included homosexuality.
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DSM III when was it made?
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DSM-III (1980) § Symptom based system § Introduced multi-axial system § Added new diagnostic categories
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What is multiaxial system? and what DSM was it introduced in?
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Axis I: Clinical Disorders of Mental Illness Axis II: Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation Axis III: General Medical Conditions (respiration) Axis IV: Psychosocial and Environmental Problems (divorce daeth) Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning (single number 0-100 that assessed "functioning level")
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When was the DSM IV and DSM IV-TR released?
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1994 and 2000
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What are major differences in the DSM 5 (947 pages!!!! and 297 disorders compared to first was only 130 pages with 106 disorders)
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■ Some major changes in DSM-5 1. Elimination of multi-axial system (1&2 lines would blur) 2. Greater emphasis on comorbidity 3. Increase in dimensional focus (emerging dimensions and models... still has classification systems...) 4. Greater emphasis on cultural differences
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Limitations of DSM
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Sometimes the boundaries between normal and abnormal behavior seem arbitrary § Cutoff points are not always empirically justified (someone who has been anxious for 5.5 months and not 6 wont get diagnosed) § Reliance on clinicians' subjective judgment (getting 4/7 on the diagnosis instead of 5/7) -- Problem of comorbidity § 56% of those who meet criteria for one disorder meet criteria for at least one other disorder § affects validity of the system and the reliability of diagnosis, are the disorders in DSM even distinct? anxiety and depression are comorbid
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What does reliability mean in classification system?
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■ Reliability: degree to which an assessment measure produces the same result each time it is used to assess the same thing....
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What is inter-rate reliability
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refers to agreement of raters about observations, same between two different clinicians
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Test-retest reliability:
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refers to consistency between two repeated assessment of tests. you take one test saturday and one on monday.... they should be the same.
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Validity:
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Validity: extent to which a measuring instrument actually measures what it is supposed to measure - Conceptualized as a continuum of more to less useful
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Etiological validity
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Etiological validity -- concerned with the specific factors that are regularly and perhaps uniquely associated with a particular disorder - Looking for causal relationship between factors and disorders
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Validity: Classification system: the system that will be etiologically valid would be (the one with many causes for many disorders or the one with one cause connected to one disorder)
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looking for the validity of one cause to one disorder... there should be a clear causal relationship.
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Concurrent validity:
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Concurrent validity -- concerned with the association between disorder and other symptoms, life circumstances/life events and test performance
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Predictive validity
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Predictive validity -- concerned with the accuracy of predicting future outcomes
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Missing tails on pin the tail would have (low/ high reliability/ validity)
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Iow and low reliability and validity
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having all tails on the nose of the donkey has ... (low/ high reliability/ validity)
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high reliabilty, low validity
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Having tails all kind of near the butt (low/ high reliability/ validity)
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low reliability because they arent all in the same place, then there is high validity because its near the same place
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Projective tests
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Projective Tests • Based on psychodynamic theory • Indirect method using ambiguous stimuli • Examples • The Rorschach Inkblot Test
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THe advantages of projective test:
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Advantages Limitations • Provide a way to talk to people who are reluctant or unable to discuss • Unique source of information about the person's view of the world • Access to unconscious thoughts and feelings
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Limitations to projective tests
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• Interpretation is subjective à low inter-rater reliability • Questionable validity • Often overpathologizes so if someone is normal, the test may show psychopathology: like if you see burning house someone might say u are highly anxious, or they might say that you are a pyro
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What is the most common type of method for diagnosis?
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■ To aid in making diagnoses - Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5) ■ Collect history, social context
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Why are clinicians better than computers in making diagnosis:
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The clinicians are able to read body language.
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Advantage to interview
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Advantages • Interviewer can control interactions • Can observe non-verbal behavior • Efficient • Cover many different settings
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limitations to interview
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- Some people may be unable or unwilling to report problems - time consuming • Tendency to report socially desirable behavior • Rely on subjective report • Possibility of induced response - subjective report
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What are observational procedures... who makes them?
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Observational Procedures ■ Often in natural environments - Multiple settings for children (teachers, clinicians, parents record behavior) ■ Quantifying behavior - Rating scales - Behavioral coding scales
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Advantages to observational procedures
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• Useful index of symptom severity of functional impairment • Detail information about the person's behavior
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Limitations to observational procedures:
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Time-consuming and expensive • Observer bias • Reactivity (might react to being watched) • Limits in generalization • Some things are impossible to observe (low self esteem)
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What is NEO personality inverntory is a ____ _____ inventory
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NEO is a SELF REPORT inventory: meaning Nuerotiscim, extrovertism, openess, agreeableness,
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Physiological assesment uses what to assess peripheral physiology whats good about it whats bad?
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■ Used to assess peripheral physiology - Heart rate - Skin conductance - Respiration Its good because it can show how physiology maps to psychology. Its objective, but there might be misattribution (increased heart rate because u are happy, or because you are sad)
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what are uses of physiological assessment of brain structure/ brain function?
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Structure: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) function: - Positron emission tomography (PET) - Functional MRI (fMRI)
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MRI targets the
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hydrogen magnetic nuclei
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In observational procedures what is the rating scale?
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make judgements about a person somewhere along a dimension. Observer might observe someones behavior for an extended period of time, then complete the set of rating that are concerned with dimensions such as extent
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behavioral coding system:
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Usually collected in interview format: another approach to quantify observational data depends on recording person's actual activities. inculde self monitoring....
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Adv and disadvantages to behavioral coding system:
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ADV: Rating scales are useful as an overall index of symptom severity and functional impairment behavioral coding provides detailed info about persons behaviors in a particular situation. DIS: time consuming, can make errors, reactivity, tell about a reaction in a particular sitch, cant be observed by anyone except the person.
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actuarial interpretation
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basis for diagnosis follows rules derived from empirical research. ex. they determine profile in terms of pattern of scale scores, those above 70 are importatnt.
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MMPI
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory first developed in 1940's now it is the MMPI 2 covers topics from physical to psychological state to occupation and social attituteds. They take a quiz and the scoring is objective. there is a numerical score on 10 scales and 4 validity scales.
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What is the validity scale for the MMPI 2 made up of? If they are valid answers, what happens?
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The Lie scale is a way to test validity... then they move to the 10 clinical scales (making up hypochondrias. depression. hysteria. psychopathic deviate. masculinity feminity. paranoia. psychasthenia. schizo. hypomania. social introversion. )
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Adv and disadvantages to MMPI 2
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Advantages 1. The MMPI 2 provides information about the persons test taking attitude, which tells clinicians if they are careless, defensive, or exaggerating. 2. covers wide range of problems in effeciant way. 3. scored objectively 4. Can be interpreted in actuarial fashion, using extensive banks of information regarding people who respond to items in a particular way limitations: 1.
