CH 28 WEEK 8 LYMPHATIC & IMMUNE SYSTEM – Flashcards
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IMMUNE SYSTEM
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-responsible for protecting the body against bacteria, viruses, fungi, toxins, parasites, and cancer -works with organs of lymphatic system, thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes, to clear body of these disease causing agents
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LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
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-network of connecting vessels that collects fluid between cells -picks up lipids from digestive organs and transports them to the blood stream -defend the body against disease causing agents called pathogens
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LYMPHATIC VESSELS
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-lymph : fluid found between cells, is in these vessels -merging of the lymphatic capillaries make these vessels -they merge together to make lymphatic trunk->truck merge to make lymphatic collecting ducts
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LYMPH
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-fluid found and collected between cells of connecting vessels in lymphatic system -once fluid enters lymphatic capillaries its called a lymph -leaves lymph nodes through efferent lymphatic vessels -interstitial (tissue) fluid will become a lymph
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LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES
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-extend into spaces between cells called interstitial spaces -have permeable, thin walls that are designed to pick up fluids -lymphatic capillaries merge together to make lymphatic vessels, also deliver lymph to the vessels
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THORACIC DUCT
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-a major lymphatic collecting duct in body -empty lymph into bloodstream, usually near right/left subclavian veins in thoracic cavity -collects lymph from left side of head/neck, the left arm, left side of thorax, and entire abdominopelvic area, and both legs
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RIGHT LYMPHATIC DUCT
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-a major lymphatic collecting duct in body -usually near right/left subclavian veins in thoracic cavity -empty lymph into bloodstream -much smaller than thoracic -collects all lymph from right side of head/neck, right arm, right side of chest
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INTERSTITIAL (TISSUE) FLUID
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-fluid is high in nutrients, oxygen, and small proteins -constantly leaks out of blood capillaries into the spaces between cells -most is picked up by body cells but some persist between cells -destined to become lymph
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EDEM
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-excessive buildup of fluid in a body tissue -because blood vessels become more leaky, more fluid accumulates in injured area -which triggers inflammation: redness, heat, swelling, pain
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LYMPH NODES
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-very small glandular structures that usually can't be felt very easily -located along paths of larger lymphatic vessels and are spread throughout body DON'T occur in nervous system -one side of lymph node is HILUM -usually has only one or two efferent vessels -about 4 or 5 afferent vessels associated with each node -responsible for generation of some lymphocytes
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AFFERENT LYMPHATIC VESSELS
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-carry lymph to a lymph node on side away from HILUM (which is one side of a lymph node thats dented) -4 or 5 afferent vessels associated with each node
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EFFERENT LYMPHATIC VESSELS
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-lymphatic vessels that carry lymph out of a nod -lymph node only has one or 2 efferent vessels
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HILUM
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-one side of a lymph node, indented
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MACROPHAGES
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-digest unwanted pathogens in the lymph as it sits in the node -found inside the node -cell type that is important
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LYMPHOCYTES
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-start an immune response against the pathogen (disease causing agent) -important cell found in the node -lymph nodes are responsible for generating lymphocytes
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THYMUS
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-soft, bi-lobed organ located just above the heart in the mediastinum -in an infant it's quite large because it assists in production of lymphocytes for childs immune system -as person ages it shrink because immune system is fully functioning -carries out same functions as lymph node but also responsible for production of lymphocytes and hormone called thymosin
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THYMOSIN
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-hormone, stimulates the production of mature lymphocytes
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SPLEEN
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-largest lymphatic organ -filled with blood, macrophages, lymphocytes -located in upper left quadrant of abdominal cavity -filters blood same way lymph nodes filter lymph -removes worn out red blood cells from bloodstream -spleen injured/disease could need splenectomy and then liver takes over most of its functions
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ANTIGENS/ INFECTIONS/PATHOGEN
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ANTIGEN: foreign substances in the body INFECTIONS: prescence of a pathogen PATHOGENS: disease causing agents such as bacterium, viruses, toxins, fungus, or protozoan. May have antigens on the surface
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NON SPECIFIC DEFENSES
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-non specific mechanisms that protect bodies against pathogens include: species resistance, mechanical and chemical barriers, phagocytosis, and fever / inflammation
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SPECIFIC DEFENSES
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-specific defenses called immunities -protect body against very specific pathogens -doesn't protect from any other disease -anitbodies/complements: are major proteins involved in specific defense -lymphocytes/macrophages are major WBC's in specific defenses EX> chicken pox, can't get twice, but you get an altered virus called herpes zoster (like chicken pox)
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PHAGOCYTOSIS
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-process by which WBC's defend the body against infections by engulfing invaded pathogens -in non specific defenses -neutrophils and monocytes are most active phagocytes in blood -can leave blood stream to attack pathogens in other tissues -larger phagocytic cell is macrophage
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CHEMICAL BARRIERS
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-chemicals and enzymes in body fluids provide chemical barriers that destroy pathogens -lysozymes/ interferon are in chemical barriers -EX. acids in the stomach
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LYSOZYMES
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-enzyme in tears that destroy pathogens on surface of the eye -salt in sweat also kills bacteria
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INFLAMMATION / FEVER
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-both are effective in protecting the body from invading organisms -FEVER: patients with high fever =febrile -causes liver and spleen to take iron out of blood stream, also activates phagocytic cells in body to attack pathogens (pathogens need iron to survive) INFLAMMATION: blood vessels in injured area dilate , become leaky
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INTERFERON
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-protein that blocks viruses from infecting cells -in chemical barriers
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HAPTENS
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-foreign substances in body too small to start an immune response by themselves -haptens join to proteins in blood where they are then able to trigger an immune response EX; penicillin
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CYTOKINES
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-cells of lymphatic system produce these proteins -assist in immune response regulation -lymphocytes / macrophages produce : cytokines called MONOKINES
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MONOKINES
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-monokines assist in regulation of immune system by increasing B cell production and stimulating red bone marrow to produce ore WBC's -lymphocytes / macrophages produce cytokines known as this
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B CELLS
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-major type of lymphocytes, circulate the blood -found in lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, lining of digestive organs, and bone marrow -recognize antigens in the body, but DON'T attack antigens directly -they respond to antigens by becoming plasma cells (plasma make up antibodies specific antigen) -humors are in B cells -become active when a specific antigen binds to receptors on their surfaces -each group of B cells only recognize one type of antigen -also make memory B cells ( trigger stronger immune response)
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T CELLS
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-major type of lymphocyte, circulate the blood. MOST lymphocytes are in T cells -found in lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, lining of digestive organs, and bone marrow. -recognize antigens in body -bind to antigens on cells and attack them =called cell -mediated response -also respond by secreting cytokines called lymphokines. -before respond it must be activated, which begins when a macrophage ingests and digests a pathogen that has antigens on it -T cell can't be activated without macrophages and MHC proteins -some activated T cells form cytotoxix cells (protects againt viruses and cancer) -other become helper T cells: which increase antibody formation
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CELL-MEDIATED RESPONSE
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-T-cells bind to antigens on cells and attack them directly
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LYMPHOKINES
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-increase T cell production and directly kills cells that have antigens -secreting cytokines
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HUMORS
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-fluids (of the body) -antibodies end up attaching to antigens in the humors (fluids) of the body = humoral or antibody-mediated response
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MEMORY B CELLS
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-trigger stronger immune response the next time person is exposed to same antigen -activated B cells divide to make plasma cells and memory cells
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MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX (MHC)
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-large protein compex -every human has unique MHC, similar to internal fingerprint -is present on every cell in their body
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CYTOTOXIC T CELLS
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-important in protecting the body against viruses and cancer cells -formed by activated T cells
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HELPER T CELLS
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-carry out important roles in immunity -T cells activated in these cells -increase antibody formation , memory cells, and phagocytosis
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MEMORY T CELLS
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-activated T cells -remember pathogen that activated original T cell -exposed to same pathogens ,the memory cell triggers immune response that is more effective -no same disease twice
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NATURAL KILLER CELLS (NK)
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-another type of lymphocyte -primarily target cancer cells but also protect body against many types of pathogens -kills harmful cells on contact -secrete chemicals that produce holes in membranes of harmful cells, which cause cell to burst -don't recognize a specific antigen to start destroying pathogens
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IMMUNOGLOBINS
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-antibodies are also called this -IgA: found in secretions of body -IgB:found in cell membranes of B cells (control their activity of B cells) -IgE: found whenever IgA is located, triggering allergic reaction -IgM: very large and primarily binds to food, bacteria, incompatible blood cells, also activates compliments -IgG: primarily recognizes bacteria, viruses, and toxins. Can activate complements (proteins in serum that attacks pathogens)
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WHEN ANTIBODIES BIND TO ANTIGENS
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-take one of the following actions -allow phagocytes to recognize/ destroy antigens -make antigens clump together, causing them to be destroyed by macrophages ( how incompatible blood cells destroyed) -cover the toxic portions of antigens to make harmless -activate complement -complement proteins alsso attract macrophages to pathogens and can stimulate inflammation
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IgA
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-antibody found in secretions in the body -breastmilk, tears, saliva, and mucus -prevents pathogens from entering body
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IgD
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-found in cell membranes of B cells -control activity of B cells
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IgE
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-found wherever IgA is located -involved in triggering allergic reactions
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IgG
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-primarily recognizes bacteria, viruses, and toxins -also activate complements (proteins in serum that attack pathogens)
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IgM
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-very large antibody and primarily bind to antigens in food, bacteria, or incompatible blood cells -also activates complements
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PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE
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-occurs 1st time person is exposed to antigen -slow/takes several weeks to occur -memory cells are made
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SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE
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-occurs 2nd time person exposed to same antigen -very quick, prevents person from developing a disease from antigen -memory cells carry out
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NATURALLY ACQUIRED ACTIVE IMMUNITY
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-develops by being naturally exposed to antigen and subsequently making antibodies and memory cells against the antigen -having infectious disease cause by pathogens leads to this immunity -long lasting
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ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED ACTIVE IMMUNITY
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-develops by being injected with pathogen then making antibodies/ memory cells against the pathogen -immunizations or vaccines cause this immunity -long lasting
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NATURALLY ACQUIRED PASSIVE IMMUNITY
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-through the mother -mother also passes antibodies to baby across the placenta -ex: breast feeding passes the antibodies
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ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED PASSIVE IMMUNITY
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-when injected with antibodies -ex: snake bites: inject antivenom to neutralize venom -short lived
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MALIGNANT TUMORS
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-cancer cells form these growths -become fatal -damage tissue/ organs =causing organ system to fail
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CANCER / CANCER CELLS
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-CANCER: uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells, lose ability to know when to stop reproducing cancer cells CANCER CELLS: often form malignant tumors (could be fatal) -benign: not cancerous ( normal cells create growth) -many cases, cancer cells or tumors damage normal cells of tissues/organs, which cause organ systems to fail -at least 200 cancers -men : prostate, lung, colon cancers -women: breast, lung, colon cancers LUNG CANCER : leading causes of deaths -CAUSES: unknown, Factors: tobacco, radiation, immune system -DIAGNOSE: biopsy, CT scans, blood count, x-ray -SIGNS: fever/chills, weight loss, fatigue, not feeling well in general -TREAT: depends on type and stage of cancer, if tumor is localized it can be treated by removing,radiation, transplant bone marrow
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CARCINOGEN
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-factor that is known to cause formation of cancer
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ALLERGIC REACTION
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-involve IgE antibodies and mast cells (when IgE antibodies bind to allergens) and cause mast cells to release histamine/heporin -these chemicals trigger allergic reaction -immune response to a substance, such as pollen, that is not normally harmful to the body
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ALLERGENS / ALLERGY
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-substances that trigger allergic responses
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ANAPHYLAXIS
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-LIFE THREATENING CONDITION -blood vessels dilate so quickly that blood pressure drops too quickly for organs to adjust -without treatment patient goes into anaphlatic shock and dies
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ANTIHISTAMINES
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-over the counter medications -prescription strength available
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EPINEPHRINE
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-injection, which causes vasoconstriction, which increases blood pressure -when person experiences sanaphylaxis : epinephrine is the treatment
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ALLERGY SIGNS / TREATMENT
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-vary depending on what body part is exposed to allergens -inhaled : cause runny nose, sneezing, coughing, wheeze -ingested: nausea, diarrhea, vomiting -skin: rashes -blood: penicillin in blood if allergic -often life threatening because effect person has on organ system) -over the counter meds, prescriptions strength antihistimes, also nasal sprays/ decongestants -injections of epinephrine
