Ch 23 Europe Industrialization – Flashcards

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What three key themes dominate the 1750-1914 period in Western Civilization history?
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? Industrialization, political upheaval, importation of W European institutions and values to settler societies like the U.S.A. and Australia
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What was the greatest change in Western Civilization during this period?
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Industrial Revolution
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What are the sub periods European history of 1750-1914 can be broken into?
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1789-1850 political revolution & industrialization, 1850-1914 mature stage where implications of industrial society were worked out
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What three forces for change were present in the mid-18th century Europe?
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Cultural, commercialization, population boom
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Explain how the rising European population affected economic growth.
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Many became proletariats, proto-industrialization
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What social changes resulted from the population increase?
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premarital sex, out-of-wedlock births, parental authority in decline
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Why had the British colonists in North America revolted?
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Too many restrictions, taxed w/out representation, Stamp Act
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What factors helped the colonial leaders to win independence?
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Persistence, British military mistakes, significant French aid
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What year was the U.S. constitution ratified?
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1789
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Why did the French Revolution start? When?
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Wanted power of the people but rulers didn't change, ineffective gov't; 1788-1799
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What rights were included in the original constitution of France?
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Individual rights: freedom of religion, press, property; parliament limit king's power, landowning adult males allowed to vote (1/2 of adult male population)
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When was the most radical phase of the French Revolution? Leader?
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Reign of Terror; Maximilien Robespierre
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What countries opposed France's revolution?
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Britain, Prussia, Austria
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What was the "cult of the Supreme Being"?
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civic religion to replace Catholicism
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What provisions were included in the constitution proposed by Robespierre?
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Universal male suffrage, military conscription
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How was nationalism a product of the French Revolution?
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Could replace older loyalties to church and aristocracy
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What rights were suppressed by Napoleon and what rights were upheld?
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Suppressed: freedom of expression, power of the people; upheld: religious freedom, equality for all men
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What year was the height of Napoleon's empire?
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1812
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Where did Napoleon invade and lose miserably?
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Russia 1812
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What revolutionary ideas were spread by Napoleon?
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Equality under law; attack on aristocracy, church, and craft guilds
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What country gained independence from Ottoman Empire 1820?
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Greece
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Who were 19th century liberals and what was characteristic about their views?
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Middle class; eco reforms for industrial growth
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Who were 19th century radicals and what was characteristic about their views?
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More voting rights, total democracy, soc reforms
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What resulted from the revolutions of 1830?
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France: new king, liberal monarchy; Belgian: liberal regime, independent nation
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What key political changes took place in early 19th century United States and Britain?
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U.S.A.: Universal adult male suffrage except for slaves; Britain: Reform Bill 1832parliamentary vote to most middle-class men
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By the end of the 19th century, what characterized Western European governments?
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Solid parliaments, guarantee individual rights, voting system
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Where did industrialization first begin in Europe? What industry?
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Britain; textile industry
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What factors helped to promote industrialization?
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Population pressure, favorable natural resources, prior dev of sciences, gov'ts
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Why did technological innovations spread to transportation & communication industries?
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More goods moved, distant markets
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What environmental changes came with industrialization in Europe?
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Pressure on remaining forests, smoke pollution, wastes, poor water quality, and slagheaps around mines
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What areas began to industrialize after Great Britain?
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Belgium, France, United States, Germany
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What policies in France helped promote industrialization?
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No local trade restrictions/protection of private prop/artisan guilds
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How did industrialization affect cities? popular leisure? women? middle class families?
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Cities: poorly equipped, crowded, unclean, crimes; leisure: bosses ban singing, napping, anything sinful, anything detract from work; women: moral status improved, withdrew from formal jobs; middle class families: affection, purity, got education
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What areas became a part of government functions with industrialization?
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Railroad dev, tech fairs, education, urban conditions
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What was the goal of the Chartist movement?
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Democratic gov't regulate new technologies and promote popular education
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What were the goals of those fighting in the 1848 revolts?
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Democratic republic, women's rights, no manorialism/serfdom, soc refs
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What 5 European nations experienced revolts in 1848?
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Germany, Austria, Hungary, Prussia, France
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What happened to peasants as a result of the 1848 revolts?
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Demands met, no serfdom, supported conservatives
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What changed about social structures because of the revolution of 1848?
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Middle class landowners predominate vs. other workers
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What changes in cities helped to address the problems created by urbanization?
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Sanitized, death rate lower than birth rate, parks, museums, effective regulation of food and housing facilities, crime rates stabilized, more effective social control & disciplined pop.
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How did demographics change in late 19th century Europe?
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Healthier, women outlive men, lower death rate, lower birth rate
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What factors helped to lower the death rates in children and from childbirth?
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Better hygiene and parental care
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How did workers and peasants adjust to industrial life?
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Strikes, better pay, shorter hours; sent kids to school, specialized crops
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What new political trends characterized late 19th century Europe?
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Working-class men vote, more parliament power, freedoms
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How did Bismarck bring about German unification?
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Denmark lost to Austria & Prussia, defeated France in a war → UNITY
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When was the American Civil War?
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1861-1865
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What was characteristic of western governments by the end of the 19th century?
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Parliaments, democracies
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What new government functions were present by the end of the 19th century?
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Education, welfare, health
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What are the key tenets of Marx's theory on history and society?
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History = class struggle between powerless and the powerful who control the means of production, proletarian dictatorship, utopian society where all are equal and class struggle eliminated When did the socialist leaders have some political success? 1880s
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What was revisionism?
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Said Marx's revolutionary vision was wrong, success achieved by peaceful democratic means
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What were the goals of the early feminist movement?
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Legal & economic gains, same jobs as men, higher education, suffrage
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What social class of women were initially active in the feminist movement?
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Middle class
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What were some of the tactics of extreme feminist leaders like Emmeline Pankhurst?
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Violence, hunger strikes
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What changes about attitudes towards leisure in the late 19th century?
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Growing secularism, religious practice declined
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What are some examples of the mass leisure culture that emerged in the late 19th century?
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Newspapers, theater, vacation, sports
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What new theories emerged in science?
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Theory of Evolution of Species (Darwin), Theory of Relativity (Einstein), Theories of Subconscience (Freud)
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What was romanticism?
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Artistic movement, intense emotions, impressionism
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What motivated the Western nations to extend their empires even farther in the 19th century?
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New materials, markets, products
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What new technologies helped the west conquer?
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Steamships, repeating rifle & machine gun
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Explain how the American Civil War affected industry in the United States.
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Seek export markets, companies set up branches in other countries, agriculture mechanized and exported to European markets
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Describe the U.S. role in world affairs prior to the 20th century.
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Very diverse people but mostly borrowed from Europe
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How did Canada, Australia, New Zealand differ from the United States?
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Remained part of British Empire, some autonomy
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How did the British remain in control of Canada?
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Granted increasing self-rule, commercial development
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How/Why did the British establish the colony of Australia?
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Place to dump convicts, their faraway "prison" in Sydney
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Who were the native people in New Zealand?
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Maoris
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What two European nations began a naval rivalry at the end of the 19th century?
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Britain and Germany
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What nations formed the Triple Alliance/ Triple Entente?
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Britain, France, and Russia; Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
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What problems were emerging in the Austrian-Hungarian Empire?
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Balkan nationalism b/c of large S Slav population
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What happened in 1914 to start WWI?
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Serbian nationalist assassinated Austrian archduke so Austria vowed to punish Serbia. Russia defended Serbia and mobilized its troops against Austria. Russia declared war on August 1, 1914.
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Population revolution
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Huge growth in population in western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to industrialization.
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Protoindustrialization
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Preliminary shift away from an agricultural economy; workers became full- or part-time producers who worked at home in a capitalist system in which materials, work, orders, and sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to the Industrial Revolution.
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American Revolution
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Rebellion of the British American Atlantic seaboard colonies; ended with the formation of the independent United States.
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French Revolution
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Overthrow of the Bourbon monarchy through a revolution beginning in 1789; created a republic and eventually ended with Napoleon's French empire; the source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe.
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Louis XVI
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Bourbon ruler of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution.
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Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
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Adopted during the French Revolution; proclaimed the equality of French citizens; became a source document for later liberal movements.
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Guillotine
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Introduced as a method of "humane" execution; used during the French Revolution against thousands of individuals, especially during the Reign of Terror.
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Napoleon Bonaparte
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Army officer who rose in rank during the wars of the French Revolution; ended the democratic phase of the revolution; became emperor; deposed and exiled in 1815.
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Congress of Vienna
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Met in 1815 after the defeat of France to restore the European balance of power.
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Liberalism
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Political ideology that flourished in 19th-century western Europe; stressed limited state interference in private life, representation of the people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments
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Radicals
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Followers of a 19th-century Western European political emphasis; advocated broader voting rights than liberals did; urged reforms favoring the lower classes.
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Socialism
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Political ideology in 19th-century Europe; attacked private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of the means of production and an end to the capitalistic exploitation of the working class.
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Nationalism
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European 19th-century viewpoint; often allied with other "isms"; urged the importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on ethnic origins.
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Greek Revolution
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Rebellion of the Greeks against the Ottoman Empire in 1820; a key step in the disintegration of the Turkish Balkan Empire.
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French Revolution of 1830
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Second revolution against the Bourbon dynasty; a liberal movement that created a bourgeois government under a moderate monarchy.
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Belgian Revolution of 1830
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Produced Belgian independence from the Dutch; established a constitutional monarchy.
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Reform Bill of 1832
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British legislation that extended the vote to most male members of the middle class.
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James Watt
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Devised a steam engine in the 1770s that could be used for production in many industries; a key step in the Industrial Revolution.
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Factory system
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Intensification of all of the processes of production at a single site during the Industrial Revolution; involved greater organization of labor and increased discipline.
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Luddites
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Workers in Britain who responded to the replacement of their labor by machines during the Industrial Revolution by attempting to destroy machines; named after the fictional worker Ned Ludd.
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Chartist movement
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Unsuccessful attempt by British artisans and workers to gain the vote during the 1840s.
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French Revolution of 1848
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Overthrew the French monarchy established in 1830; briefly established the Second French Republic.
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Revolutions of 1848
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The nationalist and liberal movements in Italy, Germany, Austria- Hungary; after temporary success they were suppressed.
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Louis Pasteur
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Discoverer of germs and of the purifying process named after him.
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Benjamin Disraeli
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British politician; granted the vote to working-class men in 1867; an example of conservative politicians keeping stability through reform.
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Count Camillo di Cavour
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Architect of Italian unification in 1858; created a constitutional Italian monarchy under the king of Piedmont
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Otto von Bismarck
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Conservative prime minister of Prussia; architect of German unification under the Prussian king in 1871; used liberal reforms to maintain stability.
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American Civil War (1861-1865)
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Fought to prevent secession of the southern states; the first war to incorporate the products and techniques of the Industrial Revolution; resulted in the abolition of slavery and the reunification of the United States.
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Transformismo
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Political system in Italy that allied conservatives and liberals in support of the status quo.
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Social question
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Issues relating to workers and women in western Europe during the Industrial Revolution; became more critical than constitutional issues after 1870.
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Karl Marx
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German socialist who saw history as a class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached the inevitability of social revolution and the creation of a proletarian dictatorship.
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Revisionism
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Socialist thought that disagreed with Marx's formulation; believed that social and economic progress could be achieved through existing political institutions.
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Feminist movement
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Sought legal and economic gains for women, among them equal access to professions and higher education; came to concentrate on the right to vote; won initial support from middle-class women.
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Mass leisure culture
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An aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; decreased time at work and offered opportunities for new forms of leisure time, such as vacation trips and team sports.
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Charles Darwin
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Biologist who developed the theory of evolution of species; argued that all living forms evolved through the successful ability to adapt in a struggle for survival.
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Albert Einstein
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Formulated mathematical theories to explain the behavior of planetary motion and the movement of electrical particles; in about 1900 issued the theory of relativity.
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Sigmund Freud
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Viennese physician who developed theories of the workings of the human subconscious; argued that behavior is determined by impulses.
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Romanticism
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19th-century western European artistic and literary movement; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection.
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Triple Alliance
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Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of the European balance of power system before World War I.
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Triple Entente
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Agreement among Britain, Russia, and France in 1907; part of the European balance of power system before World War I.
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Balkan nationalism
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Movements to create independent states and reunite ethnic groups in the Balkans; provoked crises within the European alliance system that ended with the outbreak of World War I.
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Industrial Revolution
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Series of changes in economy of Western nations between 1740 and 20th century; stimulated by rapid population growth, increase in agricultural productivity, commercial revolution in 17th century, and development of new means of transportation; in essence involved technological change and the application of machines to the process of production.
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Age of Revolution
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Period of political upheaval beginning roughly with the American Revolution in 1775 and continuing through the French Revolution of 1789 and other movements for change up to 1848.
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Nationalism
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Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe; often allied with other "isms"; urged importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on culture, race, or ethnic origin.
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Conservative
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Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe during the 19th century; opposed revolutionary goals; advocated restoration of monarchy and defense of the church.
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Imperialism
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The policy of expanding national territory through colonization and conquest.
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