Ch 23 Europe Industrialization – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
What three key themes dominate the 1750-1914 period in Western Civilization history?
answer
? Industrialization, political upheaval, importation of W European institutions and values to settler societies like the U.S.A. and Australia
question
What was the greatest change in Western Civilization during this period?
answer
Industrial Revolution
question
What are the sub periods European history of 1750-1914 can be broken into?
answer
1789-1850 political revolution & industrialization, 1850-1914 mature stage where implications of industrial society were worked out
question
What three forces for change were present in the mid-18th century Europe?
answer
Cultural, commercialization, population boom
question
Explain how the rising European population affected economic growth.
answer
Many became proletariats, proto-industrialization
question
What social changes resulted from the population increase?
answer
premarital sex, out-of-wedlock births, parental authority in decline
question
Why had the British colonists in North America revolted?
answer
Too many restrictions, taxed w/out representation, Stamp Act
question
What factors helped the colonial leaders to win independence?
answer
Persistence, British military mistakes, significant French aid
question
What year was the U.S. constitution ratified?
answer
1789
question
Why did the French Revolution start? When?
answer
Wanted power of the people but rulers didn't change, ineffective gov't; 1788-1799
question
What rights were included in the original constitution of France?
answer
Individual rights: freedom of religion, press, property; parliament limit king's power, landowning adult males allowed to vote (1/2 of adult male population)
question
When was the most radical phase of the French Revolution? Leader?
answer
Reign of Terror; Maximilien Robespierre
question
What countries opposed France's revolution?
answer
Britain, Prussia, Austria
question
What was the "cult of the Supreme Being"?
answer
civic religion to replace Catholicism
question
What provisions were included in the constitution proposed by Robespierre?
answer
Universal male suffrage, military conscription
question
How was nationalism a product of the French Revolution?
answer
Could replace older loyalties to church and aristocracy
question
What rights were suppressed by Napoleon and what rights were upheld?
answer
Suppressed: freedom of expression, power of the people; upheld: religious freedom, equality for all men
question
What year was the height of Napoleon's empire?
answer
1812
question
Where did Napoleon invade and lose miserably?
answer
Russia 1812
question
What revolutionary ideas were spread by Napoleon?
answer
Equality under law; attack on aristocracy, church, and craft guilds
question
What country gained independence from Ottoman Empire 1820?
answer
Greece
question
Who were 19th century liberals and what was characteristic about their views?
answer
Middle class; eco reforms for industrial growth
question
Who were 19th century radicals and what was characteristic about their views?
answer
More voting rights, total democracy, soc reforms
question
What resulted from the revolutions of 1830?
answer
France: new king, liberal monarchy; Belgian: liberal regime, independent nation
question
What key political changes took place in early 19th century United States and Britain?
answer
U.S.A.: Universal adult male suffrage except for slaves; Britain: Reform Bill 1832parliamentary vote to most middle-class men
question
By the end of the 19th century, what characterized Western European governments?
answer
Solid parliaments, guarantee individual rights, voting system
question
Where did industrialization first begin in Europe? What industry?
answer
Britain; textile industry
question
What factors helped to promote industrialization?
answer
Population pressure, favorable natural resources, prior dev of sciences, gov'ts
question
Why did technological innovations spread to transportation & communication industries?
answer
More goods moved, distant markets
question
What environmental changes came with industrialization in Europe?
answer
Pressure on remaining forests, smoke pollution, wastes, poor water quality, and slagheaps around mines
question
What areas began to industrialize after Great Britain?
answer
Belgium, France, United States, Germany
question
What policies in France helped promote industrialization?
answer
No local trade restrictions/protection of private prop/artisan guilds
question
How did industrialization affect cities? popular leisure? women? middle class families?
answer
Cities: poorly equipped, crowded, unclean, crimes; leisure: bosses ban singing, napping, anything sinful, anything detract from work; women: moral status improved, withdrew from formal jobs; middle class families: affection, purity, got education
question
What areas became a part of government functions with industrialization?
answer
Railroad dev, tech fairs, education, urban conditions
question
What was the goal of the Chartist movement?
answer
Democratic gov't regulate new technologies and promote popular education
question
What were the goals of those fighting in the 1848 revolts?
answer
Democratic republic, women's rights, no manorialism/serfdom, soc refs
question
What 5 European nations experienced revolts in 1848?
answer
Germany, Austria, Hungary, Prussia, France
question
What happened to peasants as a result of the 1848 revolts?
answer
Demands met, no serfdom, supported conservatives
question
What changed about social structures because of the revolution of 1848?
answer
Middle class landowners predominate vs. other workers
question
What changes in cities helped to address the problems created by urbanization?
answer
Sanitized, death rate lower than birth rate, parks, museums, effective regulation of food and housing facilities, crime rates stabilized, more effective social control & disciplined pop.
question
How did demographics change in late 19th century Europe?
answer
Healthier, women outlive men, lower death rate, lower birth rate
question
What factors helped to lower the death rates in children and from childbirth?
answer
Better hygiene and parental care
question
How did workers and peasants adjust to industrial life?
answer
Strikes, better pay, shorter hours; sent kids to school, specialized crops
question
What new political trends characterized late 19th century Europe?
answer
Working-class men vote, more parliament power, freedoms
question
How did Bismarck bring about German unification?
answer
Denmark lost to Austria & Prussia, defeated France in a war → UNITY
question
When was the American Civil War?
answer
1861-1865
question
What was characteristic of western governments by the end of the 19th century?
answer
Parliaments, democracies
question
What new government functions were present by the end of the 19th century?
answer
Education, welfare, health
question
What are the key tenets of Marx's theory on history and society?
answer
History = class struggle between powerless and the powerful who control the means of production, proletarian dictatorship, utopian society where all are equal and class struggle eliminated When did the socialist leaders have some political success? 1880s
question
What was revisionism?
answer
Said Marx's revolutionary vision was wrong, success achieved by peaceful democratic means
question
What were the goals of the early feminist movement?
answer
Legal & economic gains, same jobs as men, higher education, suffrage
question
What social class of women were initially active in the feminist movement?
answer
Middle class
question
What were some of the tactics of extreme feminist leaders like Emmeline Pankhurst?
answer
Violence, hunger strikes
question
What changes about attitudes towards leisure in the late 19th century?
answer
Growing secularism, religious practice declined
question
What are some examples of the mass leisure culture that emerged in the late 19th century?
answer
Newspapers, theater, vacation, sports
question
What new theories emerged in science?
answer
Theory of Evolution of Species (Darwin), Theory of Relativity (Einstein), Theories of Subconscience (Freud)
question
What was romanticism?
answer
Artistic movement, intense emotions, impressionism
question
What motivated the Western nations to extend their empires even farther in the 19th century?
answer
New materials, markets, products
question
What new technologies helped the west conquer?
answer
Steamships, repeating rifle & machine gun
question
Explain how the American Civil War affected industry in the United States.
answer
Seek export markets, companies set up branches in other countries, agriculture mechanized and exported to European markets
question
Describe the U.S. role in world affairs prior to the 20th century.
answer
Very diverse people but mostly borrowed from Europe
question
How did Canada, Australia, New Zealand differ from the United States?
answer
Remained part of British Empire, some autonomy
question
How did the British remain in control of Canada?
answer
Granted increasing self-rule, commercial development
question
How/Why did the British establish the colony of Australia?
answer
Place to dump convicts, their faraway "prison" in Sydney
question
Who were the native people in New Zealand?
answer
Maoris
question
What two European nations began a naval rivalry at the end of the 19th century?
answer
Britain and Germany
question
What nations formed the Triple Alliance/ Triple Entente?
answer
Britain, France, and Russia; Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
question
What problems were emerging in the Austrian-Hungarian Empire?
answer
Balkan nationalism b/c of large S Slav population
question
What happened in 1914 to start WWI?
answer
Serbian nationalist assassinated Austrian archduke so Austria vowed to punish Serbia. Russia defended Serbia and mobilized its troops against Austria. Russia declared war on August 1, 1914.
question
Population revolution
answer
Huge growth in population in western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to industrialization.
question
Protoindustrialization
answer
Preliminary shift away from an agricultural economy; workers became full- or part-time producers who worked at home in a capitalist system in which materials, work, orders, and sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to the Industrial Revolution.
question
American Revolution
answer
Rebellion of the British American Atlantic seaboard colonies; ended with the formation of the independent United States.
question
French Revolution
answer
Overthrow of the Bourbon monarchy through a revolution beginning in 1789; created a republic and eventually ended with Napoleon's French empire; the source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe.
question
Louis XVI
answer
Bourbon ruler of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution.
question
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
answer
Adopted during the French Revolution; proclaimed the equality of French citizens; became a source document for later liberal movements.
question
Guillotine
answer
Introduced as a method of "humane" execution; used during the French Revolution against thousands of individuals, especially during the Reign of Terror.
question
Napoleon Bonaparte
answer
Army officer who rose in rank during the wars of the French Revolution; ended the democratic phase of the revolution; became emperor; deposed and exiled in 1815.
question
Congress of Vienna
answer
Met in 1815 after the defeat of France to restore the European balance of power.
question
Liberalism
answer
Political ideology that flourished in 19th-century western Europe; stressed limited state interference in private life, representation of the people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments
question
Radicals
answer
Followers of a 19th-century Western European political emphasis; advocated broader voting rights than liberals did; urged reforms favoring the lower classes.
question
Socialism
answer
Political ideology in 19th-century Europe; attacked private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of the means of production and an end to the capitalistic exploitation of the working class.
question
Nationalism
answer
European 19th-century viewpoint; often allied with other "isms"; urged the importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on ethnic origins.
question
Greek Revolution
answer
Rebellion of the Greeks against the Ottoman Empire in 1820; a key step in the disintegration of the Turkish Balkan Empire.
question
French Revolution of 1830
answer
Second revolution against the Bourbon dynasty; a liberal movement that created a bourgeois government under a moderate monarchy.
question
Belgian Revolution of 1830
answer
Produced Belgian independence from the Dutch; established a constitutional monarchy.
question
Reform Bill of 1832
answer
British legislation that extended the vote to most male members of the middle class.
question
James Watt
answer
Devised a steam engine in the 1770s that could be used for production in many industries; a key step in the Industrial Revolution.
question
Factory system
answer
Intensification of all of the processes of production at a single site during the Industrial Revolution; involved greater organization of labor and increased discipline.
question
Luddites
answer
Workers in Britain who responded to the replacement of their labor by machines during the Industrial Revolution by attempting to destroy machines; named after the fictional worker Ned Ludd.
question
Chartist movement
answer
Unsuccessful attempt by British artisans and workers to gain the vote during the 1840s.
question
French Revolution of 1848
answer
Overthrew the French monarchy established in 1830; briefly established the Second French Republic.
question
Revolutions of 1848
answer
The nationalist and liberal movements in Italy, Germany, Austria- Hungary; after temporary success they were suppressed.
question
Louis Pasteur
answer
Discoverer of germs and of the purifying process named after him.
question
Benjamin Disraeli
answer
British politician; granted the vote to working-class men in 1867; an example of conservative politicians keeping stability through reform.
question
Count Camillo di Cavour
answer
Architect of Italian unification in 1858; created a constitutional Italian monarchy under the king of Piedmont
question
Otto von Bismarck
answer
Conservative prime minister of Prussia; architect of German unification under the Prussian king in 1871; used liberal reforms to maintain stability.
question
American Civil War (1861-1865)
answer
Fought to prevent secession of the southern states; the first war to incorporate the products and techniques of the Industrial Revolution; resulted in the abolition of slavery and the reunification of the United States.
question
Transformismo
answer
Political system in Italy that allied conservatives and liberals in support of the status quo.
question
Social question
answer
Issues relating to workers and women in western Europe during the Industrial Revolution; became more critical than constitutional issues after 1870.
question
Karl Marx
answer
German socialist who saw history as a class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached the inevitability of social revolution and the creation of a proletarian dictatorship.
question
Revisionism
answer
Socialist thought that disagreed with Marx's formulation; believed that social and economic progress could be achieved through existing political institutions.
question
Feminist movement
answer
Sought legal and economic gains for women, among them equal access to professions and higher education; came to concentrate on the right to vote; won initial support from middle-class women.
question
Mass leisure culture
answer
An aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; decreased time at work and offered opportunities for new forms of leisure time, such as vacation trips and team sports.
question
Charles Darwin
answer
Biologist who developed the theory of evolution of species; argued that all living forms evolved through the successful ability to adapt in a struggle for survival.
question
Albert Einstein
answer
Formulated mathematical theories to explain the behavior of planetary motion and the movement of electrical particles; in about 1900 issued the theory of relativity.
question
Sigmund Freud
answer
Viennese physician who developed theories of the workings of the human subconscious; argued that behavior is determined by impulses.
question
Romanticism
answer
19th-century western European artistic and literary movement; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection.
question
Triple Alliance
answer
Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of the European balance of power system before World War I.
question
Triple Entente
answer
Agreement among Britain, Russia, and France in 1907; part of the European balance of power system before World War I.
question
Balkan nationalism
answer
Movements to create independent states and reunite ethnic groups in the Balkans; provoked crises within the European alliance system that ended with the outbreak of World War I.
question
Industrial Revolution
answer
Series of changes in economy of Western nations between 1740 and 20th century; stimulated by rapid population growth, increase in agricultural productivity, commercial revolution in 17th century, and development of new means of transportation; in essence involved technological change and the application of machines to the process of production.
question
Age of Revolution
answer
Period of political upheaval beginning roughly with the American Revolution in 1775 and continuing through the French Revolution of 1789 and other movements for change up to 1848.
question
Nationalism
answer
Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe; often allied with other "isms"; urged importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on culture, race, or ethnic origin.
question
Conservative
answer
Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe during the 19th century; opposed revolutionary goals; advocated restoration of monarchy and defense of the church.
question
Imperialism
answer
The policy of expanding national territory through colonization and conquest.
