Ch 18: Oncology – Flashcards
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How many pairs of chromosomes are there in each​ cell?
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23
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What structure within the cell produces​ proteins?
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ribosomes
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Which of the following​ cells, in mature​ form, has no​ nucleus?
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red blood cells
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What structure within the nucleus that produces RNA and​ ribosomes?
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nucleolus
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All of the following are outside the​ nucleus, EXCEPT: A.Golgi apparatus. B.ribosomes. C.DNA chromosomes. D.lysosomes.
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DNA chromosomes.
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What are​ oncogenes?
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Mutated genes in the RNA of viruses
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What is​ mitosis?
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Process by which a cell divides to make an exact copy of itself
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What is the organelle that produces​ protein, fat, and​ glycogen?
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endoplasmic reticulum
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An example of a pathogen​ is:
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a bacteria.
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What do ion pumps​ do?
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bring electrolytes in and out of the cell
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Which of the following are small sacs of digestive​ enzymes?
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lysosomes
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Which of the following is NOT a factor that contributes to the development of​ cancer? A.exposure to carcinogens B.exposure to pathogens such as bacteria and viruses C.autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis D.heredity
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autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis
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Which of the following statements is NOT​ true? A.The p53 gene is located on chromosome 17 in every cell repairs damaged DNA. B. If the DNA error cannot be​ corrected, the p53 gene directs the cell to shut down. C. Upon initial DNA​ damage, cancers form immediately and spread rapidly. D. Types of DNA damage include genetic mutations that can delete genes.
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C.
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The cancerous tumor releases a substance that causes blood vessels to grow into the tumor to provide it with nutrients. This is​ called:
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angiogenesis.
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Tumor necrosis factor is released​ from:
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lymph nodes.
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What do macrophages​ do?
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engulf and destroy cancerous cells in the tissues
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Which of the following statements is NOT​ true? A.Differentiation means cells become specialized to work together for a specific function. B.Cancer cells are in an​ immature, embryonal, undifferentiated state. C.In early fetal​ development, cells begin to move to parts of the body and differentiate into certain types of cells​ (muscle, bone,​ blood). D.Cancer cells do show differentiation by organizing their own blood supply and protective capsular structure.
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D
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What does angiogenesis​ cause?
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It causes blood vessels in surrounding tissues to grow into a tumor to provide nutrients.
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What does a BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene test​ indicate?
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increased risk of developing breast cancer
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What structure inhibits mitosis and keeps each cell from dividing​ excessively?
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suppressor gene
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Mutation of a gene can occur due to all of the​ following, EXCEPT: A.deletion of a gene. B.creation of new types of organelles. C.insertion of gene segments into other chromosomes. D.reversal of the normal order of genes.
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B
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Examples of carcinogens include all of the​ following, EXCEPT: A.radiation​ (such as sunlight or radiation​ therapy). B.foreign particles​ (such as​ asbestos). C.sugars​ (such as fructose and​ dextrose). D.chemicals​ (such as insecticides or​ dyes).
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C
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What is the word for removing a cancerous tumor and all surrounding tissues as one​ block?
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en bloc
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Which of the following precious metals is used in a chemotherapy​ drug?
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platinum
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To remove all of a tumor as well as nearby organs that have been infiltrated throughout the abdominopelvic cavity is known​ as:
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exenteration.
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The nuclear medicine procedure that uses a radioactive tracer that collects in particular organs and creates an image is known​ as:
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scintigraphy
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The medical treatment for patients with leukemia or lymphoma would most likely​ include:
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bone marrow transplant
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Which of the following is NOT a warning sign of​ cancer? A.nagging cough or hoarseness B.differentiation C.a sore that does not heal D.change in bowel or bladder habits
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B
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If a patient was having nausea and vomiting as a side effect of​ chemotherapy, he/she might be given a drug that was​ a/an:
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antiemetic drug.
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chrom/o- means:
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color
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All of the following are true about a cancerous tumor and its​ characteristics, EXCEPT: A.a cancerous tumor grows more slowly than surrounding tissues. B.a cancerous tumor often has a central area of necrosis due to inadequate blood supply. C.a cancerous tumor creates angiogenesis in order to obtain nutrients from surrounding tissues. D.a cancerous tumor is irregularly shaped and not encapsulated.
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A
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All of the following are true of cancerous​ tumors, EXCEPT: A.they become encapsulated to protect the tumor from body defenses. B.they penetrate the normal tissues around them. C.they destroy normal cells. D.they interfere with normal tissue function.
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A
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Which of the following is part of the​ body's defense against cancerous cells and​ tumors? A.natural killer cells and lymphocytes B.the​ cell's p53 gene C.lymph nodes produce tumor necrosis factor D.all of the above
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all of the above
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Which of the following statements is not true of a cancer​ cell? A. It can no longer perform specialized functions that it used to do. B. It stops functioning as a normal cell. C. It often starts to divide more rapidly than normal cells. D. It can change back to a normal cell with proper repair from messenger RNA.
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D
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Which abbreviation is used for a test to evaluate prostate​ health?
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PSA
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All of the following are abbreviations for types of​ leukemia, EXCEPT: A. AFP. B. CML. C. CLL. D. AML.
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A.
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Which abbreviation indicates a certification for a person who collects and analyzes data about cancer and effectiveness of treatment over​ time?
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CTR
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The word that means small structure or organ would​ be:
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organelle.
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What does the word carcinomatosis​ describe?
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Cancer at many sites
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What is the meaning of the word​ oligodendroglioma?
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Tumor of the cells that support neurons with few branches
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Lymphangiography​ is:
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the process of taking an​ x-ray of the lymph system vessels.
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squam/o- means:
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scalelike.
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Which of the following is a cancer of the muscle whose cells are​ rod-shaped?
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rhabdomyosarcoma
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What is a​ karyotype?
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a test that examines chromosomes under the microscope
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A​ slow-growing tumor that does not have all the characteristics of​ cancer, seldom​ metastasizes, and releases serotonin is called​ a/an:
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carcinoid tumor.
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All of the following are cancers of the​ skin, EXCEPT: A.basal cell carcinoma. B.malignant melanoma. C.squamous cell carcinoma. D.oat cell carcinoma.
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D
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sarc/o- means:
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connective tissue.
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The condition where cells are of abnormal​ size, shape, or organization is spelled​ as:
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dysplasia.
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Cancer of connective tissues is pronounced​ as:
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​sar-KOH-mah.
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The nuclear medicine procedure that uses a radioactive tracer that collects in certain organs is pronounced​ as:
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​sin-TIH-grah-fee
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onc/o- means
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tumor or mass
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Ablation​ means:
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action to take away or destroy.
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malign/o- means:
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intentionally causing harm.
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The medical word that means process​ (of cell division in which the chromosomes align​ along) thread-like structures​ (in the​ nucleus) would​ be:
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mitosis.
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scint/i-
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point of light.
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The process of destroying tissues by touching the electrode​ to, or inserting it​ into, the tumor and transmitting an electrical current​ is:
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electrodesiccation.
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Mammography and ultrasound showed that the patient did not have a cystic mass. What is​ cystic?
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​fluid-filled
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How many lymph nodes were​ removed?
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28
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What does the word anaplastic​ describe?
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state of being​ undifferentiated, without formation or shape
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What phrase tells you that the surgeon was able to remove the entire tumor and with some normal tissue around​ it?
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Margins of resection are free of tumor
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How many lymph nodes were positive for​ metastasis?
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10
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How did the patient find the lump in her right​ breast?
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breast​ self-examination
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The patient had all of the following tests and​ procedures, EXCEPT: A.needle biopsy. B.left mastectomy. C.mammography. D.ultrasound.
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B
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Which part of the cell converts ATP to ADP to release​ energy?
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NOT Golgi apparatus
