Ch 17 – Nervous System – Flashcards
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Heroin binds to receptors on neurons that travel from the spinal cord to the region of the brain that feels pleasure. These receptors are normally meant for
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endorphins.
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Which of the following is not a way that a drug affects the brain?
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builds up along the outside of the brain because it cannot pass the blood-brain barrier
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A nerve impulse is caused by
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a change in the difference in positive and negative ions on the outer and inner surfaces of the neuron membrane, a change that opens adjacent channels and propagates its flow.
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In Figure 17.4 of an action potential, number 1 indicates the movement of
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Na+ to the inside.
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The primary functions of the spinal cord involve
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reflex actions and communication between the brain and peripheral nerves.
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The difference between a weak stimulus and an intense stimulus is
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the axon fires at a greater frequency for an intense stimulus.
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The membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord are called
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meninges.
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Which of the following is NOT true about the cerebrum?
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It is responsible for maintenance of breathing and heart rate.
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Which description best fits the Central Nervous System (CNS)?
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Consists of the brain and spinal cord, located in the midline of the body.
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Language is NOT dependent on
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the spinal cord
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Which statement is NOT true about the development of an action potential?
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The action potential ends when the polarity across the membrane reaches +40 mV.
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Which part of a simple reflex takes the message away from the CNS?
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motor neuron
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The brains of Alzheimer disease patients show no abnormalities post-mortem.
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false
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The limbic system is a separate part of the brain located behind the cerebellum on top of the brain stem.
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false
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Which statement is true regarding the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic motor pathways?
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Both divisions have two neurons per message.
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In order for transmission across the synapse to occur,
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synaptic vesicles fuse with the presynaptic membrane.
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Dendrites
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carry impulses toward a cell body.
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Neurotransmitters are molecules that cross the synaptic cleft via
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passive diffusion and either excite or inhibit the postsynaptic neuron.
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Which is the correct arrangement of tissues from outermost to innermost?
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vertebrae → meninges → spinal cord → central canal
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In the axon, the nerve impulses travel
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away from the cell body.
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Why does the primary somatosensory area have a larger section dedicated to the fingers and hand, than to the feet and toes?
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the fingers and hand are how we take in more sensory information from our surroundings than the feet and toes
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People claim that once you have learned to ride a bicycle you can always ride a bicycle, even if you haven't ridden for a long time. What type of memory is associated with this?
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skill memory
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How fast a person can type or play the piano is ultimately limited by the number of impulses a person can send to their finger muscles per second. This in turn is limited by
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the speed with which sodium ion can be pumped back outside the neuron membrane.
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Which of the following is not part of the brain?
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the meninges
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Nicotine is not considered a drug because it does not affect the body physically.
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false
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Which part of the brain contains centers for the heartbeat and respiration?
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medulla oblongata
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Which of the following is not a symptom of addiction to a certain drug?
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the drug continues to cause physical or psychological changes in your body
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Transmission of a nerve impulse from one neuron to another neuron is NOT dependent on
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a refractory period.
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Which of the following is the best description of the cause of multiple sclerosis (MS)?
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myelin sheath lesions impair normal coordination of impulses
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What are the two parts of the diencephalon?
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the hypothalamus and the thalamus
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Which amino acid, in mice, was discovered to play a role in memory?
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glutamate
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Which of the following drugs is a powerful CNS stimulant?
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methamphetamine
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When the dorsal root of a spinal nerve is cut,
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incoming sensory nerve impulses are lost.
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Which of the following is NOT true about the myelin sheath?
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It decreases the speed of nerve impulse conduction.
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Which structures are associated with the limbic system?
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cerebral lobes, basal nuclei, and diencephalon
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Which is NOT a correct association of brain structures and functions?
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thalamus—regulates heartbeat and blood pressure
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Which limbic structure allows us to respond to and display anger and also prompts the release of adrenaline into the bloodstream?
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amygdala
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Administration of norepinephrine would
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dilate the bronchi and increase oxygen for blood.
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The cerebrum is the largest portion of the brain in humans.
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true
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In Figure 17.16, the structure at "c" is a(n)
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interneuron.
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A stroke results from a disruption of the blood supply to the brain.
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true
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A post-synaptic membrane
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must be either a dendrite membrane or cell body membrane.
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Which of the following is NOT true about the autonomic nervous system?
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It functions voluntarily and consciously.
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Spinal nerves contain
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both sensory and motor fibers.
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Generally, nerve impulses do not move "backward" along a series of neurons. What is the reason for this?
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There is a short refractory period during which sodium gates cannot open and an action potential cannot move backwards.
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A reflex
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is an automatic, involuntary response.
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Which of the following is a long-term effect of heroin use?
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The body decreases the production of endorphins.
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An impulse traveling up the spinal cord first enters the brain at the
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medulla
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Which is NOT a correct association of memory type?
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semantic memory—non-language memory
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In dissection, most nerve fibers appear gray to white because
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they are mostly myelin sheath made of lipid or fat molecules.
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The likely effect on a neuron of two excitatory signals and twenty inhibitory signals is
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prohibiting the axon from firing at all.
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In Figure 17.4, number 3 represents
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action potential.
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Since the membrane is more permeable to K+ than to Na+,
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there are always more positive ions outside the membrane than inside.
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Which is NOT a correct association of structure and function?
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sensory neuron—controls sensory organs such as eyes
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If you have extreme difficulties learning how to hit a baseball or play the piano, there may be a problem with your cerebellum.
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true
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Consciousness is best associated with the
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cerebrum
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The enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine within the synaptic cleft is
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acetylcholinesterase
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Certain people have an inability to speak due to brain damage. The most likely area of the brain that has been damaged is
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Broca's area.
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Due to experimentation, it was discovered that which structure was involved in the conversion of short-term memories to long-term memories?
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hippocampus
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Which structure communicates with the prefrontal area of the brain and is involved in learning and memory?
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hippocampus
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Myelinated axons that run together in bundles in the CNS are
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tracts
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Which description bets fits the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
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Nerves that carry sensory messages to the CNS and motor commands to the muscles and glands.
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Carpal tunnel syndrome results in damage to the median nerve, resulting in lack of control to the wrist and also numbness. This indicates that
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the nerve contained both sensory and motor neurons.
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The main function of the cerebrospinal fluid is
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to cushion and protect the central nervous system.
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Myasthenia gravis can be treated with immunosuppressive drugs although there is no cure.
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true
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A nerve is
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composed of the long fibers of long axons.
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Which type of memory is associated with specific facts, persons, and events?
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episodic
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When individuals experience fear and pleasure, what part of the brain has been stimulated?
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limbic system
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Which of the following is not a function of the cerebrum?
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maintains posture and balance
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Saltatory conduction occurs when
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the action potential jumps from node to node.
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What are the long-term consequences associated with the use of cocaine?
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A decrease in dopamine production.
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The sodium/potassium pump is primarily responsible for the
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resting potential.
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When anyone severs his spinal cord, as Christopher Reeve did in a horse riding accident, they suffer a loss of sensation and a loss of voluntary control.
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true
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Which is NOT a correct association of disease with cause or symptoms?
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fetal alcohol syndrome—increased intelligence and physical performance
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The summing up of excitatory and inhibitory signals in a neuron is called
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synaptic integration.
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Which of the following is an accurate comparison of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases?
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Patients with AD produce too much beta amyloid while those with PD produce too little dopamine.
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Jeremy has developed a problem with regulating his waking/sleeping cycle and regulating his body temperature. Doctors suspect he may have a brain lesion. Where might this lesion be located?
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in the hypothalamus
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Most illicit drugs affect the action of the brain by interfering with the Na+-K+ pump and nerve impulses.
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false
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One group of neurotransmitters retards heart rate, promotes digestion, contracts the eye pupil, etc. The other group has the opposite effect. These drugs are affecting the
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sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
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What is the definition of learning?
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The ability to retain and utilize past memories.
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Which disease is associated with mild tremors in one or more limbs, abnormally high levels of glutamate in the cerebrospinal fluid and onset between the ages of 40 and 60?
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amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
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Which part of the brain is used to integrate incoming information and send it to the appropriate portion of the cerebrum?
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thalamus
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Which types of cells are found only in the Central Nervous System?
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interneurons
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What are the interconnecting spaces that produce and serve as a reservoir for cerebrospinal fluid in the brain called?
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ventricles
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Both meningitis and kuru involve infectious agents.
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true
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In Figure 17.16, the structure at "a" is a(n)
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effector
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Which brain structure serves as a bridge between the sensory association areas and the prefrontal area?
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hippocampus
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Which lobe of the cerebrum is responsible for vision?
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occipital
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Which is a combination of physiological and psychological dependence?
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increasing a drug to get the same effect and preoccupation with trying to get more drugs
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Which body part is associated with only the primary somatosensory area?
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genitals
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Which part of the brain is a seahorse-shaped structure deep in the temporal lobe?
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hippocampus
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