CH 16.4 Evidence of Evolution – Flashcards
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Biogeography
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study of where organisms live now & where they & their ancestors lived in the past
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homologous structures
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structures that are shared by related species & that have been inherited from a common ancestor. They have similar structures and similar function.
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analogous structures
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Similar function, different structure
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analogous structures
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Similar function, different structure
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vestigial structure
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inherited from ancestors but have lost most or all its original function
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2 biogeographical patterns
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closely related but different
distantly related but similar
distantly related but similar
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Examples of 2 biogeographical patterns
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closely related but different: bird that migrated to Galapagos with different variations
distantly related but similar: rheas, ostriches, and emus ( although different characteristically, live in similar environments)
distantly related but similar: rheas, ostriches, and emus ( although different characteristically, live in similar environments)
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How old is Earth?
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4.5 billion years old
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What fossil record did we look at in class?
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the one that described the evolution from ancient dog-like organisms to modern-day dolphins
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Other recent fossil finds?
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dinosaurs and ancient birds & fish and 4-legged land animals
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Examples of homologous structures
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frogs, alligator, chicken, & horses front limbs
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What do homologous structures suggest?
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Organisms came from common ancestors
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How do biologists test whether structures are homologous or not?
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by studying anatomical detail, the way structures develop in embryos, ; the patterns of their appearance in evolutionary history
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Example of analogous structures
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bird and bee wings
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Examples of vestigial structures
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human tailbone, whale hipbone, ostrich wings
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What do similarities and differences among homologous structures help determine?
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How recently species shared a common ancestor
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Where do vestigial structures come from?
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They are inherited from ancestors.
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Why would an organism possess vestigial structures?
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Their presence doesnt affect an organisms fitness ; cuz of that natural selection wont eliminate it
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Embryology
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study of embryos
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What is embryology evidence of?
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Common ancestry
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Which type of animals had embryos that looked similar?
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Vertebrates & this suggests that they all come from a common ancestor
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Since the vertebrates develop similar groups of cells & structures in their embryos, what do they produce in comparison to each other?
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Homologous tissue
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What did Darwin have a lack of knowledge about?
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Heredity
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What "information" do all living cells use, and whats their purpose?
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They all use DNA and RNA to carry information from generation to generation.
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Homologous protein
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share structural ; chemical similarities
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Example of a homologous protein and what its used for
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Cytochrome C- used in cellular respiration
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Example of a homologous gene and what its purpose is
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Hox gene- determine head to tail axis in embryo development and found in most multicellular organisms
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How common is DNA in every organism?
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It is found in every organism and is slightly modified from organism to organism
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What organisms did Darwin notice to provide evidence of natural selection?
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He noticed finches with different beak sizes ; tortoises with different shell shapes and sizes
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Where did the Grants work?
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Princeton University
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What did the Grants believe in?
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Heritable variation ; different variations produce differences in fitness
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Where did the Grants go to test natural selection?
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Galapagos Islands, Island Daphne Major
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What organism did the Grants focus their research on?
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Finches (Geospiza)
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Grants Experiment
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Caught, tagged, & identified most of the finches they could find. They periodically recaptured the birds and they recorded their anatomical characteristics.
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Anatomical characteristics
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EX: wing length, beak size, beak color
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Why is the Grant experiment so important?
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It gives us a "visual" for the theory of natural selection
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What did the Grants data show?
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Finches with larger beaks survived longer when food was scarce. This caused beak size in finches to become more common.
Some traits that may not have mattered, would sometimes matter if environmental conditions changed
Some traits that may not have mattered, would sometimes matter if environmental conditions changed
