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People who experience some ____ do well in psychotherapy.

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anxiety

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-psychological intervention designed to help people resolve emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal problems and improve the quality of their lives

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psychotherapy

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-person with no professional training who provides mental health services

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paraprofessionals

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-the aim of these therapies is to expand self-awareness and knowledge -psychodynamic approach -humanistic therapies

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Insight Therapies

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Two types of insight therapies (list)

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-psychodynamic approach -humanistic therapies

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-influenced by Freud's techniques Share the following three approaches: 1. They believe the causes of abnormal behaviors stem from traumatic childhood experiences. 2. They attempt to analyze distressing thoughts and feelings, wishes and fantasies, recurring themes, significant past events and the therapeutic relationship. 3. They believe that when clients achieve insight into unconscious material, the causes will become clear and the symptoms will disappear.

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psychodynamic approach

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-therapies that emphasize the development of human potential and the belief that human nature is basically positive

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humanistic therapies

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The aim of psychoanalysis was to make the ____ ____

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unconscious, conscious

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6 primary approaches to psychoanalysis (list)

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-free association -interpretation -dream analysis -resistance -transference -working through

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clients were encouraged to say any thought that came to mind

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free association

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-dreams were thought to express unconscious themes that influence the client's conscious life -have to distinguish the relationship between the manifest (0bservable) and latent (hidden) content of the dream -very unscientific because can't falsify because different people can analyze them different ways

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dream analysis

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from the results of free association, the analyst hypothesized about the root of the client's problem

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interpretation

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-clients may try to avoid further confrontation after they have become aware of some unconscious material -ex: skipping therapy sessions or drawing a blank when the therapist asks a questions about painful moments in their past... all forms can stall their progress

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resistance

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-when clients transfer unrealistic feelings and expectations from their past onto their therapist -ex: feel murderous towards father so bring gun into treatment and point it at the therapist

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transference

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the therapist helps the client work through the problems

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working through

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-more concerned with conscious aspects of the client's functioning -Jung - the goal of psychotherapy is individuation -Sullivan's interpersonal psychotherapy -more optimistic than was Freud -acknowledge the impact of other needs, including love, dependence, power, and status

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The Neo-Freudian Tradition

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-the integration of opposing aspects of the personality, like passive versus aggressive tendencies, into a harmonious "whole", namely, the self

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individuation

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-Sullivan's -treat psychotherapy as a collaborative undertaking between client and therapist -analyst's proper role is that of participant observer.... through ongoing observatinos, the analyst discovers and communicates to clients their unrealistic attitudes and behaviors in everyday life -influenced the IPT

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interpersonal psychotherapy

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-treatment that strengthens social skills and targets interpersonal problems, conflicts, and life transitions

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IPT (interpersonal therapy)

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-humanistic therapy -Carl Rogers -Clients use the therapy time however they choose so it's more client driven -the therapist must: -be authentic and reveal their true reactions to the client (can't lie) -express unconditional positive regard -relate to the client with empathetic understanding -This therapy is at the heart of motivational interviewing

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Person-centered therapy

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-nonjudgmental acceptance of all feelings the client expresses

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unconditional positive regard

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-has been used to treat alcohol dependence nd medical compliance -person-centered therapy is at the heart of this -one- to two-session procedure recognizes that many clients are ambivalent about changing long-standing behaviors and is geared towards clarifying and bringing forth their reasons for changing - and not changing - their lives

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motivational interviewing

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-humanistic therapy -their belief is that people with psychological problems are incomplete in some way -they aim to integrate different and sometimes opposing aspects of the client to gain a unified sense of self -two-chair technique

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Gestalt therapy

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-Gestalt therapists ask clients to move from chair to chair, creating a dialogue with two conflicting aspects of their personalities -believe this procedure allows a synthesis of the opposing sides to emerge -ex: "good boy" versus "spoiled brat"

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Two-chair technique

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-therapy that treats more than one person at a time

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group therapy

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-composed of peers who share a similar problem -often don't include a professional mental illness specialist

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self-help groups

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-group therapy -people share their troubles with alcohol -they are sponsored by someone who has had success with the program -"twelve steps" -people who attend this do no better than people who receive other treatments -high attrition (dropout) rate (68% on first 3 months)

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Alcoholics Anonymous

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-group therapy -drinking in moderation -effective for many clients -relapse prevention -negative feelings about lapses can lead to the abstinence violation effect -a lot less punishment involved for falling off the wagon compared to AA

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Controlled Drinking

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-assumes that many people with alcoholism will at some point experience a lapse, or slip, and resume drinking -advocates self tolerance when the person has a lapse in control

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relapse prevention (RP)

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-negative feelings about a slip can lead to continued drinking

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Abstinence Violation Effect

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-the "patient" (the focus of treatment) isn't one person with the most obvious problems, but rather the family unit itself -focus on interactions among family members

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family therapy

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-family therapy approach designed to remove barriers to effective communication -these therapists invite family members to carry out planned tasks known as directives, which shift how family members solve problems and interact -often involve paradoxical requests ("concept of "reverse psychology") ........ therapists often achieve success when they command their "resistant" or uncooperative clients to intentionally produce the thought, feeling, or behavior that troubled them

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strategic family interventions

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-treatment in which therapists deeply involve themselves in family activities to change how family members arrange and organize interactions

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structural family therapy

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-therapist who focus on specific problem behaviors and current variables that maintain problematic thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

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behavior therapist

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-the assumption is that changes in behavior arise from the principles of learning -they used behavioral assessments to get to the root of the problem and devise treatment goals -Incorporates background, drug taking history, relationships, etc. -??????examples: systematic desensitization, flooding, modeling, operant and classical conditioning procedures, cognitive-behavioral therapies, rational emotive behavior therapy

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Behavioral and cognitive behavioral approaches

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-behavioral and cognitive behavioral approach -based on the principle of reciprocal inhibition -the client is taught relaxation techniques and these are paired with increasingly anxiety inducing events -the credibility of the method may create a placebo effect -earlier exposure therapy -can be imagined or "in vivo"... "in real life" -ex: fear of spiders... first you see a video of a spider, then one in presence, then one in hand, etc. GRADUAL or "anxiety hierarchy"

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systematic desensitization

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-therapy that confronts clients with what they fear with the goal of reducing the fear

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exposure therapy

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-can't experience two conflicting responses at the same time -ex: if client is relaxed, he can't be anxious at the same time

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reciprocal inhibition

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-research procedure for examining the effectiveness of isolated components of a larger treatment -helps rule out rival hypotheses about effective mechanisms of SD and other treatments

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dismantling

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-behavioral and cognitive behavioral approach -clients are exposed to the things they fear the most, for an extended period of time -can be successful in one session -based on the idea that fears are maintained by avoidance -involves response prevention -ex: fear of spiders... very to the point. Give one to you for a while.

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flooding

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-technique in which therapists prevent clients from performing their typical avoidance behaviors -component of flooding -ex: may treat a person with a hand-washing compulsion by exposing her to dirt and preventing her from washing her hands

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response prevention

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Exposure: Fringe and Fad Techniques (2)

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-Thought Field Therapy -Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR)

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-behavioral and cognitive behavioral approach -Fringe and Fad Technique? -clients are told to think of a distressing problem while the therapist taps on body points and this is supposed to remove energy blocks -bullshit

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Thought Field Therapy

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-behavioral and cognitive behavioral approach -Fringe and Fad Technique? -the idea is that lateral eye movements enhance processing of painful memories -most likely that any benefits arise from the exposure rather than the technique itself

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Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR)

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-behavioral and cognitive behavioral approach -form of observational or vicarious learning -Assertion Training -Behavioral Rehearsal -has been effective in treating schizophrenia, autism, ADHD, etc.

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Modeling

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-technique in which the therapist models a calm encounter with the client's feared object or situation and then guides the client through the steps of the encounter until her or she can cope unassisted

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participant modeling

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-the aim is to teach clients to react appropriately to demands from others -primary goals are to facilitate the expression of thoughts and feelings in a forthright and socially appropriate manner and to ensure that clients aren't taken advantage of, ignored, or denied their legitimate rights -assertiveness is the goal (middle ground between submissiveness and aggressiveness)

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Assertion training

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-the client and therapist engage in role playing to practice new skills -commonly used in assertion training and other participant modeling techniques

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behavioral rehearsal

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-behavioral and cognitive behavioral approach -learning in which behavior is modified by its consequences -ex: -token economy -aversion therapies

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operant and classical conditioning procedures

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-good behaviors are reinforced with tokens that can be traded for rewards

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token economy

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-pair bad behaviors with negative stimuli to decrease the frequency of undesirable behaviors e.g. Antabuse (drug used to make people vomit after drinking alcohol)

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aversion therapies

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-prime example of a cognitive-behavioral approach -people react to events (A) with certain behaviors and emotions (C) and the way we do so is reliant on our beliefs (B) some of which are rational and some of which are irrational -therapists encourage clients to let go of irrational beliefs and replace them with rational ones -targeting thinking rather than behavior -the differences in how we respond to the same event stem largely from differences in (B) - our belief systems.

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rational emotive behavior therapy

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-behavioral and cognitive behavioral approach -treatments that attempt to replace irrational cognitions and maladaptive behaviors with more rational cognitions and adaptive behaviors -Core assumptions -cognitions are identifiable and measureable -cognitions are integral to healty and unhealthy psychological functioning -irrational beliefs can be replaced with adaptive cognitions

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cognitive-behavioral therapies

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-cognitive-behavioral approach -aims to identify and modify distorted thoughts and negative beliefs -places somewhat greater weight on behavioral procedures than does Ellis's REBT

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cognitive therapy

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-clients are taught to prepare and cope with future stressors

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stress inoculation training

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-represent a shift from both the first (behavioral) and second (cognitive) waves of the cognitive-behavioral tradition -instead of trying to change maladaptive behaviors and negative thoughts, these embrace a different goal: to assist clients with accepting and being mindful of and attuned to all aspects of their experience, including thoughts, feelings, memories, and physical sensations

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third wave therapies

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-clients are encouraged to accept all aspects of their experience -third wave of cognitive-behavioral therapy -negative thoughts are merely thoughts, not "facts"

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acceptance

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CBT therapies are ____ _______ than no treatment or a placebo

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more effective

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-another third wave therapy used frequently in the treatment of clients with borderline personality disorder -addresses the dialectic (the apparent contradiction between opposing tendencies) of changing problematic behavior and accepting it

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dialectical behavior therapy

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-individually tailors -treatments that integrate techniques and theories from more than one existing approach -third wave

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eclectic approach

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-getting clients, such as those who are depressed, to participate in reinforcing activities -key component of many third wave and cognitive-behavioral approaches and is emerging as a key elemeny of successful psychotherapy

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behavioral activation

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-these treatments directly alter the brain's chemistry or physiology

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biomedical treatments

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-statistical method that helps researchers interpret large bodies of psychological literature -by pooling the results of many studies as though they were on big study, this allows researchers to seek patterns across large numbers of studies and to draw general conclusions that hold up across independent laboratories

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meta-analysis

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-the conclusion that all therapies are equivalent in their effects -not all investigators accept this verdict -studies with experiences therapists who've practiced behavioral, psychodynamic, and person-centered approaches have found that all are more successful in helping clients compared with no treatment, but are no different from each other in their effects

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Dodo bird verdict

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-those that cut across many or most therapies -one probable reason many therapies are comparable in effectiveness is that certain _____ are responsible for improvement across diverse treatments

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common factors

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-in contrast to common ones, these characterize only certain therapies -they include meditating, challenging irrational beliefs, and social skills training

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specific factors

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-even when they don't improve, clients who are strongly invested in psychotherapy and have shelled out a lot of money in the pursuit of well-being can persuade themselves they've been helped

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self-serving biases

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-we may believe we've improved even when we haven't because we misremember our initial (pretreatment) level of adjustment as worse than it was

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retrospective rewriting of the past

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-extreme scores tend to become less extreme on retesting

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regression to the mean

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Why can ineffective therapies appear to be helpful? (5)

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-spontaneous remission -placebo effect -self-serving biases -retrospective rewriting of the past -regression to the mean

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--sharp cleft between psychologists who view psychotherapy as more an art than a science and those who believe that clinical practice should primarily reflect well-replicated scientific findings

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scientist-practitioner gap

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-intervention for specific disorders supported by high-quality scientific evidence from controlled studies

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empirically supported treatments (ESTs)

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-good thoughts attract good things, and bad thoughts attract bad things -no evidence that merely wishing for something good to happen without taking concrete steps to accomplish it is effective

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law of attraction

question

-use of medications to treat psychological problem -almost all of these medications have serious side effects and doctors need to carefully weigh up the costs and benefits of each medication -some medications can lead to withdrawal symptoms so patients must been weaned off them carefully -antidepressants have been seen to increase suicidal thoughts in young patients -concerns about over-prescription -polypharmacy

answer

psychopharmacotherapy

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-the practice of prescribing multiple medications at the same time -can increase the risk of infrequent yet serious side effects produced by interactions among drugs -particular problem among the elderly, who tend to be especially susceptible to drug side effects

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polypharmacy

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*Examples of biomedical treatments*

answer

wait for her to tell us

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-biomedical treatment -treatment for serious psychological problems in which patients receive brief electrical pulses to the brain that produce a seizure -only used in cases where the patient has not responded to any other type of treatment -does not produce long term memory loss, personality changes nor brain damage -most patients who have received ECT are happy with the treatment -many people relapse within 6 months

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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

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-biomedical treatment -brain surgery to treat psychological disorders -still sometimes used as a last resort -IRB's tightly control the use of such surgery

answer

psychosurgery

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-biomedical treatment -a small device is implanted in the patient and it stimulates the vagus nerve -repetitive TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation)

answer

Vagus nerve and transcranial stimulation

question

-serious side effect of some older antipsychotic medications (those used to treat schizophrenia and other psychoses) -symptoms include grotesque involuntary movements of the facil muscles and mouth and twitching of the neck, arms, and legs -most often, the disorder begins after several years of high-dosage treatment, but it occasionally begins after only a few months of therapy at low dosages

answer

tardive dyskinesia (TD)

Ch. 16: Psychological and Biological Treatments – Flashcards

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