question

Under normal conditions, the ____ response deters or prevents disease.

answer

immune

question

____ can be defined as an abnormality in the immune system that renders a person susceptible to diseases normally prevented by an intact immune system.

answer

Immunodeficiency

question

The ____ immune system is composed of the phagocytic leukocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, and complement proteins.

answer

innate

question

The ____ immune response is composed mainly of T and B cells and responds to infections more slowly, but more specifically, than the innate immune system.

answer

adaptive

question

The adaptive immune system is further divided into the ___ and _____ immune systems.

answer

humoral, cellular

question

A large number of primary immunodeficiency diseases have been mapped to the ____ chromosome.

answer

X

question

Defects in humoral immunity increase the risk of recurrent _____ infections.

answer

pyogenic

question

During the first few months of life, infants are protected from infection by IgG antibodies that originate in _____ circulation during fetal life.

answer

maternal

question

Of all the primary immunodeficiency diseases, those affecting _____ production are the most frequent.

answer

antibody

question

Abnormal immunoglobulin loss can occur with chronic _____ disease; because of abnormal glomerular filtration, patients lose serum IgA and IgG in their urine.

answer

kidney

question

Secondary humoral immunodeficiencies can also result from a number of ____ including chronic lymphocytic leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma that interfere with normal immunoglobulin production.

answer

malignancies

question

T cells can be functionally divided into two subtypes: ____ and ____ T cells.

answer

CD4+ helper, CD8+ cytotoxic

question

Collectively, _____ protect against fungal, protozoan, viral, and intracellular bacterial infections; control malignant cell proliferation; and are responsible for coordinating the overall immune response.

answer

T lymphocytes

question

Disorders that affect both B and T lymphocytes, with resultant defects in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity, fall under the broad classification of _____ syndrome.

answer

combined immunodeficiency

question

In _____, genetic mutations lead to absence of all T and B cell function and, in some cases, a lack of NK cells.

answer

severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)

question

SCID is more commonly found in _____, as it is X linked.

answer

boys

question

The ___ has evolved in multicellular organisms to defend against bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances.

answer

immune system

question

Although the immune response normally is protective, it also can produce undesirable effects such as when the response is excessive, as in ______, or when it recognizes self-tissue as foreign, as in ____ disease.

answer

allergies, autoimmune

question

As the first line of defense, ____ immunity consists of the physical, chemical, molecular, and cellular defenses.

answer

innate

question

_____ immunity is the second major immune defense.

answer

Adaptive

question

Substances that elicit adaptive immune responses are called ______.

answer

antigens

question

_____ immunity, generated by B lymphocytes, is mediated by molecules called antibodies and is the principal defense against extracellular microbes and toxins.

answer

Humoral

question

____ immunity is mediated by specific T lymphocytes and defends against intracellular microbes such as viruses

answer

Cell-mediated

question

Dendritic cells and ____ function as antigen-presenting cells for adaptive immunity.

answer

macrophages

question

The key cells of innate immunity are _____, _____, and natural killer cells.

answer

neutrophils, macrophages

question

____ are the early responding cells of innate immunity

answer

Neutrophils

question

During an inflammation response, the monocyte leaves the blood vessel, transforms into a tissue _____, and phagocytosis bacteria, damaged cells, and tissue debris.

answer

macrophage

question

____ cells and _____ cells are the only cells in the body capable of specifically recognizing different antigenic determinants of microbial agents and other pathogens.

answer

B, T

question

____ are part of the innate immune system, and may be the first line of defense against viral infections

answer

Natural killer cells

question

_____ cells are specialized, bone marrow-derived leukocytes found in lymphoid tissue that are important intermediates between the innate and adaptive immune systems.

answer

Dendritic

question

___ are cytokines that stimulate the migration and activation of immune and inflammatory cells.

answer

Chemokines

question

Cytokines that stimulate bone marrow pluripotent stem and progenitor or precursor cells to produce large numbers of platelets, erythrocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and dendritic cells are known as _____.

answer

colony-stimulating factors

question

The mucous membrane linings of the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urogenital tracts are protected by sheets of tightly packed ____ cells that block the entry of microbes.

answer

epithelial

question

The binding of ____ to the pattern recognition receptors on leukocytes initiates the signaling events that lead to innate immunity and tissue changes associated with acute inflammation.

answer

pathogens

question

____ is the coating of a microorganism with soluble molecules that tag the microorganisms for more efficient recognition by phagocytes.

answer

Opsonization

question

____ are substances foreign to the host that can stimulate an immune response.

answer

Antigens

question

Antibodies comprise a class of proteins called _____.

answer

Immunoglobulins

question

_____ immunity depends on maturation of B lymphocytes into plasma cells, which produce and secrete antibodies.

answer

Humoral

question

The ____ serves as a master regulator for the immune system.

answer

CD4+ helper T cell (TH)

question

_____ T cells suppress immune responses by inhibiting the proliferation of other potentially harmful self-reactive lymphocytes.

answer

Regulatory

question

The central lymphoid organs, the ____ and the _____, provide the environment for immune cell production and maturation.

answer

bone marrow, thymus

question

The white pulp layer of the _____ contains concentrated areas of B and T lymphocytes permeated by macrophages and dendritic cells.

answer

spleen

question

Mucins

answer

Traps and washes away potential invaders

question

Hydrolytic enzymes capable of cleaving the walls of bacterial cell

answer

Lysozyme

question

The physical barrier of skin to infection

answer

Epithelial barrier

question

Small cationic peptides found in the stomach

answer

Defensins

question

Surfactant proteins in respiratory track

answer

Collectins

question

Epithelial protrusion that moves mucus to throat

answer

Cilia

question

Pathogen-associated molecular pattern receptors

answer

Toll-like receptors

question

Renders bacteria and other cells susceptible to phagocytosis

answer

Opsonins

question

Regulates the production of cytokines and adhesion molecules

answer

NF-K?

question

Disrupts virus infections

answer

Interferons

question

Immunologically active sites on antigen

answer

Epitopes

question

Type of T helper cell

answer

CD4+

question

Pore-forming molecules

answer

Perforins

question

Cell-mediated immunity

answer

Dependent on T cells

question

Processing a complex antigen into epitopes and then displaying the foreign and self peptides on their membranes

answer

Antigen presentation

question

Antibody-mediated immunity

answer

Dependent on B cells

question

Major histocompatibility complex

answer

Self-recognition proteins

question

Combine with larger protein molecules and serve as antigens

answer

Haptens

question

Cytotoxic T cells CD8+

answer

CD8+

question

Ability of the immune system to be nonreactive to self-antigens

answer

Tolerance

question

How do the cells of the immune system communicate with each other?

answer

Although cells of both the innate and adaptive immune systems communicate critical information by cell-to-cell contact, many interactions and effector responses depend on the secretion of short-acting soluble molecules called cytokines. One type of cytokine, chemokines, direct leukocyte movement and migration, and another group of cytokines, the colony-stimulating factors, promote the proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow progenitor cells. Chemokines give the cells of the immune system the ability to act systemically as one.

question

What is the general function of neutrophils and macrophages in the inflammatory response?

answer

These phagocytic cells recruited during an inflammatory response to recognize and kill infectious invaders. The early-responding innate immune cell is the neutrophil, followed shortly by the more efficient, multifunctional macrophage. They are activated to engulf and digest microbes that attach to their cell membrane. Once the cell is activated and the microbe is ingested, the cell generates digestive enzymes, toxic oxygen, and nitrogen intermediates (i.e. hydrogen peroxide or nitric oxide) through metabolic pathways. The phagocytic killing of microorganisms helps to contain infectious agents.

question

What is the innate immune system and what is its function?

answer

The innate immune system consists of epithelial barriers, phagocytic cells (mainly neutrophils and macrophages), natural killer (NK) cells, and several plasma proteins including those of the complement system. These mechanisms are present in the body before an encounter with an infectious agent and are rapidly activated by microbes before the development of adaptive immunity. The activation and regulation of inflammation is also a major job of innate immunity.

question

What are the methods of initiating the complement system and what are the results of activation?

answer

There are three pathways for recognizing microorganisms that result in activation of the complement system: the classical, the lectin, and the alternative pathway. The reactions of the complement systems are divided into three phases: (1) initiation or activation, (2) amplification of inflammation, and (3) membrane attack response.

question

What is the function of MHC proteins, and how are they classified?

answer

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules involved in self-recognition and cell-to-cell communication fall into two classes Class I and class II. Class I MHC molecules are cell surface glycoproteins that interact with the antigen receptor-foreign peptide complex and the CD8 molecule on T cytotoxic lymphocytes. MHC-I molecules are fond on nearly all nucleated cells in the body and thereby are capable of alerting the immune system of any cell changes due to viruses, intracellular bacteria or cancer.

question

Explain how a macrophage participates in antigen presentation.

answer

Macrophages are key members of the mononuclear phagocytic system that engulf and digest microbes and other foreign substance. The monocytes migrate from the blood to various tissues where they mature into the major tissue phagocyte, the macrophages. As the general scavenger cells of the body, the macrophage can be fixed in a tissue or can be free to migrate from an organ to lymphoid tissues. The tissue macrophages are scattered in connective tissue or clustered in organs such as the lung (i.e. Alveolar macrophages), liver (i.e. Kupffer cells), spleen, lymph nodes, peritoneum, central nervous system (microglial cells), and other areas. Macrophages are activated to engulf and break down complex antigens into peptide fragments for association with class II MHC molecules. Macrophages can then present these complexes to the helper T cell so that self-nonself recognition activation of the immune response can occur.

question

How many classes of antibody are there? Give a brief definition of function for each one.

answer

The immunoglobulins have been divided into five classes: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE. 1. IgG protects against bacteria, toxins, and viruses in body fluids and activates the complement system. 2. IgA is a primary defense against local infections in mucosal tissues. 3. IgM is the first circulating immunoglobulin to appear in response to an antigen. 4. IgD serves as an antigen receptor for initiating the differentiation of B cells. 5. IgE is involved in inflammation, allergic responses, and combating parasitic infections.

question

Compare and contrast active versus passive immunity.

answer

Active immunity is acquired through immunization or actually having a disease. It is active as it depends on a response to the antigen by the person's immune system. Because of memory, the immune system usually is able to react within hours to subsequent exposure to the same agent because of the presence of memory B and T lymphocytes and circulating antibodies. Passive immunity is immunity transferred from another source. An infant receives passive immunity naturally from the transfer of antibodies from its mother in utero and through a mother's breast milk.

question

Natural killer cells are specialized lymphocytes that are one of the major parts of which immunity?

answer

Innate immunity. The major components of innate immunity are the skin and mucous membranes; phagocytic cells (mainly neutrophils and macrophages); specialized lymphocytes called natural killer cells; and several plasma proteins, including the proteins of the complement system. Adaptive, humoral, and cell-mediated immunity do not use natural killer cells

question

Both innate and adaptive immunity have cells that produce cytokines. Cytokines mediate the actions of many cells in both innate and adaptive immunity. How are the actions of cytokines described?

answer

Pleiotropic and redundant. The actions of cytokines are often pleiotropic and redundant. Cytokines are NOT described as rapid and self-limiting, or cell-specific and targeted, or dendritic and morphologic.

question

Stem cells in the bone marrow produce T lymphocytes or T cells, and release them into the vascular system. The T cells then migrate where to mature?

answer

Thymus. The T lymphocytes (T cells) are generated from stem cells in the bone marrow and complete their maturation in the thymus and functions in the peripheral tissues to produce cell-mediated immunity, as well as aiding antibody production.

question

Cell-mediated immunity is involved in resistance to infectious diseases caused by bacteria and some viruses. It is also involved in cell-mediate hypersensitivity reactions. Which of these does NOT cause a cell-mediated hypersensitivity reaction?

answer

Blood transfusion. Activation of macrophages ensures enhanced phagocytic, metabolic, and enzymatic potential, resulting in more efficient destruction of infected cells. This type of defense is important against intracellular pathogens such as Mycobacterium species and Listeria monocytogenes. Contact dermatitis due to a poison ivy reaction or sensitivity to dyes is an example of delayed of cell-mediated hypersensitivity caused by hapten-carrier complexes. Blood transfusions by hapten-carrier complexes.

question

Passive immunity is immunity that is transferred from another source and lasts only weeks to months. What is an example of passive immunity?

answer

An injection of gamma-globulin. Passive immunity also can be artificially provided by the transfer of antibodies produced by other people or animals. Some protection against infection of hyperimmune serum, which contains high concentrations of antibodies for a specific disease, or immune serum, or gamma-globulin, which contains a pool of antibodies from many individuals providing protection against many infectious agents. Immunizations and allergy shots are examples of active immunity. Exposure to poison ivy can be cause of a hypersensitivity reaction it is not immunity.

question

An essential property of the immune system is self-regulation. An immune response that is not adequate can lead to immunodeficiency, while an immune response that is excessive can lead to conditions from allergic responses all the way to autoimmune diseases. Which of these is NOT an example of a breakdown of the self-regulation of the immune system?

answer

Huntington disease. Self-regulation is an essential property of the immune system. An inadequate immune response may lead to immunodeficiency, but an inappropriate or excessive response may lead to conditions varying from allergic reactions to autoimmune diseases. All answers are autoimmune diseases except for Huntington disease.

question

One of the self-regulatory actions of the immune system is to identify self-antigens and be nonreactive to them. What is this ability of the immune system defined as?

answer

Tolerance. The term tolerance is used to define the ability of the immune system to be nonreactive to self-antigens while producing immunity to foreign agents. All other responses have nothing to do with the recognition and tolerance of self-antigens.

question

The laboratory finds IgA in a sample of cord blood from a newborn infant. This finding is important because it signifies what?

answer

Fetal reaction to exposure to an intrauterine infection. Cord blood does not normally contain IgM or IgA. If present, these antibodies are of fetal origin and represent exposure to intrauterine infection.

question

The results of recent research suggests that a key role in the origin of some diseases is played by inflammation. Which of these diseases is it thought that inflammation has a role in its beginnings?

answer

Rheumatoid arthritis. Among the functions of the innate immune system is induction of a complex cascade of events known as the inflammatory response. Recent evidence suggests that inflammation plays a key role in pathogenesis of a number of disorders such as atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease, bronchial asthma, type 2 diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Osteoporosis is the abnormal loss of bone tissue and density. Osteogenesis imperfect is a genetic disease causing multiple bone fractures in a newborn. Hydronephrosis is a condition of the kidney causing distention of the pelvis and calyces because of an obstruction in the ureter causing an inability of urine to pass.

question

The results of recent research suggests that a key role in the origin of some diseases is played by inflammation. Which of these diseases is it thought that inflammation has a role in its beginnings?

answer

Rheumatoid arthritis. Among the functions of the innate immune system is induction of a complex cascade of events known as the inflammatory response. Recent evidence suggests that inflammation plays a key role in pathogenesis of a number of disorders such as atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease, bronchial asthma, type 2 diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Osteoporosis is the abnormal loss of bone tissue and density. Osteogenesis imperfect is a genetic disease causing multiple bone fractures in a newborn. Hydronephrosis is a condition of the kidney causing distention of the pelvis and calyces because of an obstruction in the ureter causing an inability of urine to pass.

question

____, or Immunogens, are substances foreign to the host that can stimulate an immune response.

answer

Antigens, or Immunogens, are substances foreign to the host that can stimulate an immune response.

question

Protects against bacteria, toxins, and viruses in body fluids and activates the complement system.

answer

IgG

question

A primary defense against local infections in mucosal tissues

answer

IgA

question

Is the first circulating immunoglobulin to appear in response to an antigen and is the first antibody type made by a newborn.

answer

IgM

question

Serves as an antigen receptor for initiating the differentiation of B cells

answer

IgD

question

Involved in inflammation, allergic responses, and combating parasitic infections

answer

IgE

question

The mucous membrane linings of the gastrointestinal, respiratory ,and urogenital tracts are protected by sheets of tightly packed ____ cells that block the entry of microbes and destroy them by secreting antimicrobial enzymes, proteins, and peptides.

answer

epithelial

question

In both the innate and the adaptive immune systems, cells communicate information about invading organisms by the secretion of chemical mediators. What are these mediators?

answer

Chemokines and Colony-stimulating factors. While cells of both the innate and adaptive immune systems communicate critical information about the invading microbe or pathogen by cell-to-cell contact, many interactions and effector responses depend on the secretion of chemical mediators (cytokines, chemokines, and colony-stimulating factors). Virulence factors define how much power an organism has to produce disease. Coxiellas are organisms that cause Q fever.

question

There are many cells that make up the passive and adaptive immune systems. Which cells are responsible for the specificity and memory of adaptive immunity?

answer

T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes. The T and B lymphocytes are the only cells in the body capable of specifically recognizing different antigenic determinants of microbial agents and other pathogens, and therefore responsible for two defining characteristics of adaptive immunity, specificity and memory. Phagocytes, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells all participate in innate immunity.

Ch 15 &16 Patho Taken from https://acc.desire2learn.com – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards