Ch. 15, 16, and 17 – Flashcards

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Endogenous Antigen
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pathogen parts synthesized or fragmented internally and transported to the plasma membrane
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Epitopes / Antigenic determinants
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special region of the surface of the antigen that has a specific shape and matches with an antigen receptor
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Class I MHC
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found on nucleated cells
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Class II MHC
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found on B cels and antigen presenting cells (macrophages and leukocytes- B and T cells)
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Plasma
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fluid containing gases, nutrients, and proteins
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Formed Elements
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Cells (erythrocytes, platelets, white blood cells-leukocytes)
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Serum
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plasma without fibrinogen or other clotting factors
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Blood proteins (3)
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inflammatory proteins
clotting factors
complement proteins
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Granulocytes (4)
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Basophils
Eosinophils
neutrophils
mast cell
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Agranulocytes (2)
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Lymphocytes
monocyes
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Basophils
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release histamines
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Neutrophils
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phagocyte
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Monocyte
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phagocyte (macrophage)- also includes fixed (langerhans and dendritic) and wandering forms
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Mast Cells
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Release histamine and heparin (similar to basophils). Play a role in inflammation. First to send signals when tissue damaged. Attachment of IgE antibodies results in allergic reactions
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Lymphocytes
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Natural Killer, T cells, and B cells
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Eosinophils
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phagocyte, allergy, parasitic worms
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5 types of Leukocytes (WBCs)
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Lymphocyte
monocyte
eosinophil
basophil
neutrophil
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Platelets
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fragments of megakaryocytic which help with blood clotting by releasing clotting factors.
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What does an increased neutrophil count indicate?
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bacterial infection
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What does an increased lymphocytes count indicate?
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viral infection
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Lymph
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liquid with similar comp as blood plasma and interstitial fluid
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Lymphatic system is made of? (3)
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lymph vessels
lymph cells
lymph tissues and organs (spleen, MALT, GALT, appendix, Peyer's patches)
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Lymph nodes
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house leukocytes and recognize and attack antigens as they flow through. Nodes receive lymph from lymph vessels.
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Function of Spleen
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similar to lymph nodes. Filters bacteria, viruses, toxins, and foreign matter from the blood.
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MALT and GALT function
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trap foreign particles and microbes
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3 lines of defense
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1st line- barriers (innate)
2nd line- non-specific immunity (inflammatory)
3rd line- Specific Immunity
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2 types of specific immunity
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humoral and cell mediated
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what phagocytic cells are found in the epidermis?
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Dendritic cells
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What gives skin its strength?
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tightly packed surface layers (epidermis)
collagen (protein) gives strength and pliability
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Skin secretions (dermis)
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Sweat glands (salt and lysozymes)
oil glands/sabaceous glands (sebum which contains fatty acids that lower pH and make skin more flexible)
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Where are mucous membranes found and what are the two layers?
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respiratory, urinary, digestive, reproductive
Epithelium and connective tissue
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What traits help trap and destroy microbes in the mucous membranes?
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-goblet cells and ciliated columnar cells
-nasal- mucous and lysozymes
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Lacrimal glands
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tears which contain lysozymes (drain through the nose)
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2nd line of defense (3)
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inflammation
blood cells
chemicals
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What cells release histamine?
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basophil, platelets, and mast cells
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What hormones are released by macrophages?
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prostaglandins and leukotrienes
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What is the first step of inflammation?
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vasodilation and movement of neutrophils and macrophages (margination and diapedesis)
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5 steps of phagocytosis
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1. chemotaxis
2. Adherence (opsonization improves this- complement proteins or antibodies)
3. Ingestion
4. Killing (fusions of lysosome--> phagolysosome)
5. Elimination (exocytosis)
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What chemicals augments phagocytosis (3)
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1. complement
2. interferon
3. defensins
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When does the Alternate Pathway occur?
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inflammation
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When does the classical pathway occur?
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post-adaptive immunity
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Alternate Pathway
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less efficient than the classical pathway
useful during stages when antibodies haven't been made
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Role of Interferons (3 classes)
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alpha, beta, gamma
inhibits the spread of viruses
synthesized by host cells
bind to adjacent cells and prevent infection
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alpha and beta interferons
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produced early
bind to nearby cells and stimulate secretion of antiviral proteins (degrade sdRNA and inhibit protein synth)
signals NK cells to the area by release of INF-a and INF-b
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gamma interferon
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produced by T lymphocyte and NK cells (later in infection)
stimulates phagocytic activity of neutrophils
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Defensins (what do they do and what makes them?)
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peptides that punch holes in membrane. Interfere with 3D shape of proteins.
-Made by NK cells, neutrophils, lymphocyte
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What do Pyrogens cause?
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fever by triggering hypothalamus to increase body temp (muscle contractions, increase BMR, constriction of blood vessels. Chills due to reduced blood flow)
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What triggers pyrogens?
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-bacterial toxins
-antibody-antigen complex
-Interleukin-I
-bacterial cytoplasmic contents
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Benefits of fever (3)
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1. enhances interferons
2. inhibits microorganism growth
3. may enhance phagocyte activity, specific immunity, and tissue repair
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What connects the second and third line of defense?
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Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)
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How do APC's present foreign material?
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-phagocytize pathogens
-DIgest into antigenic fragments
-Bind fragments to antigen binding groove on MHCII and export to outside of membrane.
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What are the two types of Adaptive Immune Responses? (3rd line)
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Humoral and Cell-mediated
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What 3 traits make the 3rd line of defense more effective?
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Adaptive- can recognize and defend against specific invaders
Memory- allows to respond quickly on second encounter
Specific Response- to a specific pathogen
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