Ch. 15, 16, and 17 – Flashcards
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| Endogenous Antigen |
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| pathogen parts synthesized or fragmented internally and transported to the plasma membrane |
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| Epitopes / Antigenic determinants |
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| special region of the surface of the antigen that has a specific shape and matches with an antigen receptor |
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| Class I MHC |
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| found on nucleated cells |
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| Class II MHC |
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| found on B cels and antigen presenting cells (macrophages and leukocytes- B and T cells) |
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| Plasma |
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| fluid containing gases, nutrients, and proteins |
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| Formed Elements |
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| Cells (erythrocytes, platelets, white blood cells-leukocytes) |
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| Serum |
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| plasma without fibrinogen or other clotting factors |
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| Blood proteins (3) |
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| inflammatory proteins clotting factors complement proteins |
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| Granulocytes (4) |
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| Basophils Eosinophils neutrophils mast cell |
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| Agranulocytes (2) |
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| Lymphocytes monocyes |
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| Basophils |
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| release histamines |
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| Neutrophils |
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| phagocyte |
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| Monocyte |
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| phagocyte (macrophage)- also includes fixed (langerhans and dendritic) and wandering forms |
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| Mast Cells |
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| Release histamine and heparin (similar to basophils). Play a role in inflammation. First to send signals when tissue damaged. Attachment of IgE antibodies results in allergic reactions |
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| Lymphocytes |
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| Natural Killer, T cells, and B cells |
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| Eosinophils |
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| phagocyte, allergy, parasitic worms |
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| 5 types of Leukocytes (WBCs) |
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| Lymphocyte monocyte eosinophil basophil neutrophil |
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| Platelets |
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| fragments of megakaryocytic which help with blood clotting by releasing clotting factors. |
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| What does an increased neutrophil count indicate? |
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| bacterial infection |
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| What does an increased lymphocytes count indicate? |
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| viral infection |
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| Lymph |
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| liquid with similar comp as blood plasma and interstitial fluid |
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| Lymphatic system is made of? (3) |
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| lymph vessels lymph cells lymph tissues and organs (spleen, MALT, GALT, appendix, Peyer's patches) |
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| Lymph nodes |
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| house leukocytes and recognize and attack antigens as they flow through. Nodes receive lymph from lymph vessels. |
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| Function of Spleen |
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| similar to lymph nodes. Filters bacteria, viruses, toxins, and foreign matter from the blood. |
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| MALT and GALT function |
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| trap foreign particles and microbes |
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| 3 lines of defense |
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| 1st line- barriers (innate) 2nd line- non-specific immunity (inflammatory) 3rd line- Specific Immunity |
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| 2 types of specific immunity |
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| humoral and cell mediated |
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| what phagocytic cells are found in the epidermis? |
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| Dendritic cells |
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| What gives skin its strength? |
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| tightly packed surface layers (epidermis) collagen (protein) gives strength and pliability |
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| Skin secretions (dermis) |
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| Sweat glands (salt and lysozymes) oil glands/sabaceous glands (sebum which contains fatty acids that lower pH and make skin more flexible) |
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| Where are mucous membranes found and what are the two layers? |
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| respiratory, urinary, digestive, reproductive Epithelium and connective tissue |
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| What traits help trap and destroy microbes in the mucous membranes? |
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| -goblet cells and ciliated columnar cells -nasal- mucous and lysozymes |
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| Lacrimal glands |
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| tears which contain lysozymes (drain through the nose) |
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| 2nd line of defense (3) |
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| inflammation blood cells chemicals |
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| What cells release histamine? |
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| basophil, platelets, and mast cells |
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| What hormones are released by macrophages? |
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| prostaglandins and leukotrienes |
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| What is the first step of inflammation? |
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| vasodilation and movement of neutrophils and macrophages (margination and diapedesis) |
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| 5 steps of phagocytosis |
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| 1. chemotaxis 2. Adherence (opsonization improves this- complement proteins or antibodies) 3. Ingestion 4. Killing (fusions of lysosome--> phagolysosome) 5. Elimination (exocytosis) |
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| What chemicals augments phagocytosis (3) |
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| 1. complement 2. interferon 3. defensins |
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| When does the Alternate Pathway occur? |
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| inflammation |
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| When does the classical pathway occur? |
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| post-adaptive immunity |
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| Alternate Pathway |
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| less efficient than the classical pathway useful during stages when antibodies haven't been made |
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| Role of Interferons (3 classes) |
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| alpha, beta, gamma inhibits the spread of viruses synthesized by host cells bind to adjacent cells and prevent infection |
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| alpha and beta interferons |
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| produced early bind to nearby cells and stimulate secretion of antiviral proteins (degrade sdRNA and inhibit protein synth) signals NK cells to the area by release of INF-a and INF-b |
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| gamma interferon |
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| produced by T lymphocyte and NK cells (later in infection) stimulates phagocytic activity of neutrophils |
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| Defensins (what do they do and what makes them?) |
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| peptides that punch holes in membrane. Interfere with 3D shape of proteins. -Made by NK cells, neutrophils, lymphocyte |
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| What do Pyrogens cause? |
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| fever by triggering hypothalamus to increase body temp (muscle contractions, increase BMR, constriction of blood vessels. Chills due to reduced blood flow) |
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| What triggers pyrogens? |
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| -bacterial toxins -antibody-antigen complex -Interleukin-I -bacterial cytoplasmic contents |
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| Benefits of fever (3) |
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| 1. enhances interferons 2. inhibits microorganism growth 3. may enhance phagocyte activity, specific immunity, and tissue repair |
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| What connects the second and third line of defense? |
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| Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs) |
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| How do APC's present foreign material? |
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| -phagocytize pathogens -DIgest into antigenic fragments -Bind fragments to antigen binding groove on MHCII and export to outside of membrane. |
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| What are the two types of Adaptive Immune Responses? (3rd line) |
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| Humoral and Cell-mediated |
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| What 3 traits make the 3rd line of defense more effective? |
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| Adaptive- can recognize and defend against specific invaders Memory- allows to respond quickly on second encounter Specific Response- to a specific pathogen |
