Ch 13 Personality – Flashcards
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Personality
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unique and relatively stable pattern of thoughts, feelings, and actions
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traits
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relatively stable personal characteristics used to describe someone
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early trait theorists
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allport, cattell
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modern trait theorists
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mccrae and costa's five factor model (ffm)
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the five factor model
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mccrae and costa; openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism; OCEAN
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openness
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part of the five factor model; original and open to new ideas vs conventional and narrow in interests
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conscientiousness
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part of the five factor model; responsible and organized vs irresponsible and careless
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extroversion
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part of the five factor model; sociable and talkative vs withdrawn and quiet
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agreeableness
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part of the five factor model; trusting and good-natured vs suspicious and ruthless
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neuroticism
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part of the five factor model; emotionally unstable and moody vs emotionally stable and easygoing
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pros of trait theories
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evolutionary and cross cultural studies support five-factor model; five-factor model helps describe and organize personality characteristics using the fewest number of traits
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con of trait theories
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lacks explanation and specificity
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psychoanalytic theories
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examines how unconscious mental forces interplay with thoughts, feelings, and actions
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founder of psychoanalytic theories
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freud
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neo-freudians
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adler, jung, horney
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adler
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neo-freudian; sickly as a child, pissed off when freud didn't pass on teaching to him, started own institute, theory: humans striving for superiority, shaking off feelings of inferiority, he had a superiority complex; suggested that many experience an inferiority complex, which later results in a will-to-power
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jung
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neo-freudian; was the one who had freud teaching passed on to him; proposed an inherited collective unconscious consisting of archetypes
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horney
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neo-freudian; made freudian theory more inclusive to women because freud was a product of his times; developed concept of basic anxiety; idea: humans are born helpless, overcome this and develop feelings of trust
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levels of consciousness
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conscious, preconscious, unconscious
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conscious
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level of consciousness; thoughts or motives person is currenlty aware of or remembering; tip of the iceberg
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preconscious
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level of consciousness; thoughts, motives, or memories that can be voluntarily brought to mind; part of the iceberg right under the surface of the water
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unconscious
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level of consciousness; thoughts, motives, or memories blocked from normal awareness; part of iceberg completely submerged by water
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influence of darwin on freud
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animalistic past; struggle to survive: struggle within the mind
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id
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personality structure; instinctual energy (pleasure principle)
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ego
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personality structure; rational part of psyche (reality principle)
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superego
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personality structure; the conscience (morality principle)
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defense mechanisms
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part of the psychoanalytic/psychodynamic theories; ego's protective method of reducing anxiety by distorting reality; used everyday, but excessive use is associated with psychopathy
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sample defense mechanisms
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repression, sublimation, denial, rationalization, intellectualization, projection, reaction formation, regression, displacement
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rationalization
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defense mechanism; substituting socially acceptable reasons for unacceptable ones; ex: does badly on test "well that was so hard, every one must have done badly"
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psychosexual stages of development
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freudian idea of five developmental periods key to personality development
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oral stage
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psychosexual stage of development; birth to 18 months; bottle in mouth
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anal stage
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psychosexual stage of development; 18 months to 3 yrs; potty training
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phallic stage
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psychosexual stage of development; 3-6 yrs; playing doctor, oedipus/electra complex
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latency stage
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psychosexual stage of development; 6 yrs-puberty; nothing children can play innocently with the same sex
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genital stage
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psychosexual stage of development; puberty-adulthood; go back to playing with opposite sex
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true
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at each stage the id's pleasure seeking energies focus on specific pleasure areas of the body (erogenous zones)
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yes
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did freud believe that too much/little attention at each stage could influence adult personality and could result in a personality disorder?
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pros of psychoanalytic/psychodynamic theories
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historical credit for some freudian concepts (ex: defense mechanisms); modern psychodynamic theories use more empirical methods
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cons of psychoanalytic/psychodynamic theories
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psychoanalytic concepts difficult to test; overemphasizes biology and unconscious forces; inadequate evidence, sexism, and lack of cross-cultural support
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freud's contributions
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emphasis on early childhood experiences; children experience pleasure; animalistic past (influenced by darwin-notion of struggle); role of caregivers (parents/environment); therapeutic method 'the talking cure'
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the talking cure
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one of freud's contributions; referred to type of therapy in which patients discuss their feelings and problems; leads to catharsis; used effectively after wwii to treat shell shocked soldiers with ptsd; spilled over to give a resurgence to freudian theory
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humanistic theories
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theory that personality develops from internal experiences (feelings and thoughts) and individual feelings of basic worth; human nature is innately good (or, at worst, neutral) with a positive drive toward self-fulfillment
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key figures of humanistic theories
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rogers (more of a therapist) and maslow (more of a theorist)
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we have an existential crisis
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biggest break between us and animal world?
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roger's key concepts
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emphasized the importance of the self; mental health is related to the degree of congruence between the self concept and life experiences
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roger's key terms
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conditional positive regard and unconditional positive regard
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conditional positive regard
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one of roger's key terms; positive behavior toward a person contingent on behaving in certain ways
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unconditional positive regard
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one of roger's key terms; positive behavior toward a person with no contingencies attached
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hierarchy of needs
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maslow's proposed basic physical necessities must be satisfied before higher-growth needs; ex: zombie movies: worry about food first (physiological needs) then finding a leader (safety needs)
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self-actualization
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maslow's belief in an innate tendency toward inborn drive to develop all one's talents and capabilities
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maslow's hierarchy of needs
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physiological needs--> safety and security-->love and belonging-->self-esteem-->self-actualization
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pro of humanistic theories
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many concepts incorporated into successful therapy
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cons of humanistic theories
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naive assumptions; poor testability and inadequate evidence
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social-cognitive theories
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theory that personality reflects individual's interactions with the environment and how people think about the world and interpret what happens to them
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key figures of social-cognitive theories
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bandura and rotter
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bandura's key terms
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self-efficacy and reciprocal determinism
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self-efficacy
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one of bandura's key terms; person's learned expectation of success
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reciprocal determinism
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one of bandura's key terms; cognitions, behaviors, and the environment interact to produce personality
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rotter's key terms
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cognitive expectancies, reinforcement value, locus of control
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cognitive expectancies
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one of rotter's key terms; what people expect to happen
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reinforcement value
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one of rotter's key terms; degree to which people prefer one reinforcer to another
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locus of control
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one of rotter's key terms; what people consider as source of life's rewards and punishments (internal or external)
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pros of social-cognitive theories
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emphasizes how environment affects and is affected by individuals; meets most standards for scientific research
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cons of social cognitive theories
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narrow focus; ignores genetic aspects of personality
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biological theories
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major biological contributors to personality: brain structures, neurochemistry, genetic factors
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major biological contributors to personality
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brain structures (we have a cortex and frontal lobe; animals don't), neurochemistry, genetic factors
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cortex and frontal lobes
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humans have these in their brains, contribute to personality; animals don't
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biopsychosocial model
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suggests multiple theories provide different insights and proportionately different contributions to personality
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4 methods to measure personality
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interviews, observations, objective tests (mmpi), projective tests (rorschach, tat)
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projective tests (rorschach and tat)
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presented a series of ambiguous figures and asked to describe figure; expectation is that one will project their unique personality into their answer
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objective tests (mmpi)
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paper and pencil multiple choice survey that has 567 items; built in scales that measure faking a personality or other unreliable answers
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pros and cons of interviews
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pro: insight; con: time, expensive, demand characteristics
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pros and cons of projective tests
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pro: insights; con: lower reliability and validity-subjective
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pros and cons of objective tests
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pro: standardized information; con: possible deliberate deception, social desirability bias, diagnostic difficulties, possible cultural bias, and inappropriate use
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cultural contributions to personality
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individualistic cultures vs collectivistic cultures
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individualistic cultures
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cultural contribution to personality; emphasize individual's personal needs and goals over those of the group
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collectivistic cultures
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cultural contribution to personality; emphasize the needs and goals of the group over the individual
