Ch. 13 Expansion of the American Industry – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Between 1790-1860
answer
the government issued 36,000 patents. in 1860-1890, 500,000 patents were issued
question
patents
answer
licenses that give the inventor the exclusive right to make, use, sell an invention for a set period of time
question
result of new inventions stimulated..
answer
European and American investment *financial backing and ingenuity helped create new industries and expand old ones
question
achievement result in increased...
answer
productivity or the amount of goods and services created in a given period of time
question
in 1858 the Pennsylvania Rock oil company sent him to drill for oil
answer
Edwin L. Drake to Titusville
question
discovered a way to produce light in a sealed glass bulb
answer
Thomas Edison 1879
question
son of an escaped slave who patented and improved the filament for light bulbs
answer
Lewis Latimer
question
discovered the alternating current which was cheaper and went longer distance, made home electricity possible and by 1898 had nearly 3,000 power stations lighting some 2 million light bulbs across the land
answer
George Westinghouse
question
allowed clothing industry to boom first made in 1889
answer
sewing machine
question
had a patent for telegraphy/ used code to send the first message in 1844 *signaled the start of a communication revolution
answer
Samuel F.B. Morse
question
several telegragh companies joined together to form this union
answer
western Union telegragh company
question
a scottish immigrant who patent the talking telegragh march 7 1886
answer
Alexander graham Bell
question
completed after the civil war, railway extending coast to coast, congress believed it would strengthen the economy infrastructure
answer
transcontinental railway
question
laid track eastward of Sacramento
answer
Central Pacific railway
question
began work towards the west of Omaha
answer
Union Pacific Road
question
most workers on the roads were
answer
immigrants
question
roads built with financial aid did not work as efficient as those
answer
built by a private sector
question
developed a system for communicating with moving trains in 1887
answer
Granville Woods
question
in 1883 the railroads adopted a
answer
National system of time zones
question
ways railroads revolutionized business and industry
answer
-A faster more practical way of transporting goods -lower costs of production -creation of national markets -model for other business -stimulated big businesses
question
developed a new process for making iron that was much cheaper and easier to make
answer
Henry Bessemer and William kelly, Bessemer process
question
mass production
answer
great amount of something
question
german immigrant engineer who designed one of the longest bridges in the world between Brooklyn and Manhattan
answer
Brooklyn Bridge
question
Robber Barons
answer
implied that business leaders built their fortunes by stealing from the public
question
captains of industry
answer
implies that the business serves the nation in a positive way
question
formed the Standard Oil company
answer
John D. Rockerfellar
question
80% of wealth went towards education one of the most successful business man, steel business
answer
Andrew Carnaggie
question
held the theory that society should do as little as possible to interfere with success
answer
social darwinism
question
differant traits of big businesses
answer
larger pools of capitol, wide geographic span, broader range of operations, revised role of ownership, new methods of managrment
question
market dominated by large profitable firms called
answer
oligopolies
question
gaining complete control of a product or service
answer
monopoly
question
the goverment began passing laws against monopolies because
answer
they were destroying the economic infrastructure *too much competition
question
a loose association of business that makes the same product
answer
cartel
question
gaining control of all phases of product development
answer
vertical consolidation
question
as production increases cost of each item produced is lower
answer
economies of scale
question
method of industrial control that brings together businesses in a firm
answer
horizontal consolidation
question
single unit
answer
trust
question
act that outlawed any combination of companies *aided companies
answer
Sherman Antitrust Act
question
During the civil war when labor was scarce the federal goverment passed this which allowed emplyers to enter into contracts with immigrants
answer
Labor Act 1864 *caused population shift
question
most laborers work
answer
12 hours a day six days a week
question
piecework system
answer
meant that those who worked and produced the fastest got the most money
question
shop where employees worked long hours with low wages under poor working conditions
answer
sweatshop
question
increased productivity usaully led to
answer
layoff and no raised wages
question
labor divided into separate tasks
answer
division of labor
question
dangers in the workplace
answer
poor ventilation and lighting, fatigue and faulty equipment
question
social reformer who explained the impact of factory work on children in a book titles Children of the poor.
answer
Jacob Riis
question
children were emplye from ages ? and left school at what age to work
answer
10-16 and left school at 12 or 13
question
the richest 9 percent of Americans held nearly
answer
75% of the nations wealth
question
many families were drawn to the idea of
answer
socialism which favored public instead of private control of property and income
question
socialism began in the 1830's from an idea institute by the german philosopher
answer
Karl Marx who wrote the communist manifesto
question
railroad owner who was forced to give up a wage cut by the knights of labor
answer
jay goud
question
third national union began by Samuel Gromper
answer
American Federation of Labor
question
craft union
answer
a network of smaller unions devoted to a specific craft
question
a process in which workers negotiate as a group with
answer
collective bargaining
question
As a reaction to strikes employers established a set of laws like
answer
1. forbidding union meetings, 2. firing union organizers, 3.foced employers to sign yellow dog contracts in which workers promised never to join in strikes, 4. refusing to bargain collectively 5. refusing to organize unions as their workers legitamate representatives
question
president of the mining company
answer
George R. Baer
question
The Great Railroad strike in 1877
answer
Baltimore and Ohio railroads announce wage cuts in the midst of the depression
question
took a leadership role in the Brotherhood of locomotive fireman
answer
Eugene V. Debs
question
replaced craft brotherhoods and unite railway workers
answer
American Railway union
question
a negitive word for a worker called in by an employer to replace striking labors
answer
scabs
question
radicals who oppose all goverment
answer
anarchists
question
Carneggies assistant who tries to cut wages at a homestead plant causing outrage
answer
Henry Frick
question
anarchist who tried to assasinate Frick
answer
Alexander Berkman
question
strike that began after George Pullman cut wages by 25% after the panic of 1893
answer
Pullman strike
question
1886 workers cry for an 8 hour workday, several fights broke out
answer
Haymarket
question
what marked the beginning of the second industrial revolution?
answer
Samuel Morse's first successful telegraph message
question
what happened after the civil war?
answer
US developed into an industrial powerhouse. inventors and scientists and business leaders created many inventions and improvements
question
Why did people's lives change in the decades following the civil war?
answer
-more jobs because of rapid growth in businesses -electricity -discuss out loud more
question
how did advances in electric power and communication affect life for people and businesses?
answer
-helped improve the productivity of the business world and transform the nature of the workplace -electric power was cheaper and more efficient (more products made or produced)
question
What effect did the development of railroads have on industrial growth?
answer
...
question
what was the impact of the Bessemer process on american culture?
answer
the bessemer process made possible the mass production (production in great amounts) of steel which is lighter stronger and more flexible than iron. the process also made it much easier and cheaper to remove the impurities, as a result, new age of buildings began. Ex: brooklyn bridge
question
electricity
answer
a productive energy source that led to many important advances in the nations industrial development and changed people's eating, working, and even sleeping habits
question
the invention of the automobile resulted in making...
answer
oil more valuable. until that time, gasoline was seen as a waste product and thrown away.
question
where was the "invention factory"?
answer
Menlo Park, New Jersey
question
What was Edison's goal?
answer
to develop affordable, in-home lighting to replace oil lamps and gaslights
question
idea Edison developed... and how it spread
answer
the idea of a central power station. by 1890, power stations across the country provided electricity for lamps, fans, printing presses and many other newly invented appliances.
question
rapidly growing industries soon then...
answer
opened up thousands of jobs for Americans looking for employment
question
What people were looking for jobs?
answer
women, children, and immigrants
question
railroad changes
answer
-steel rails replaced iron rails - track gauges and signals became standardized -railroad companies took steps to improve safety -more effective air brakes -telegraph system for communicating with moving trains (reduced risk of collision)
question
before railroad changes
answer
-noisy, dirty, uncomfortable for travelers -huge engines with spewing smoke and cinders aroused fear and distrust
question
what resulted in the growth of railroads?
answer
railroad owners looking to expand their businesses and increase profits began building towns near their railroads on land granted to them by the government
question
railroads role in revoutionzing business and industry in US
answer
-a faster and more practical means of transporting goods -lower costs of production -creation of national markets (not just selling locacly, nationally) -model for big businesses -stimmulation of other industries
