question

how the prevalence of cigarette smoking among adults has changed over the last 40 years?

answer

the prevalence of cigarette smoking among adults has declined significantly over the last 40 years.

question

Tobacco is the single most_in the US

answer

most preventable cause of death

question

tobacco is known to cause more than _diseases

answer

20

question

smoking kills more Americans than _

answer

-alcohol, car accidents, suicides, AIDS, homicide, and illegal drugs combined

question

approx _Americans age _and older report using tobacco products at least once in the past month

answer

-70 million -age 12 and older

question

what are examples of tobacco products?

answer

-cigarettes -cigars -smokeless tobacco -pipe tobacco

question

in 2010, percentage of each gender that smoked?

answer

-21.5% men -17.3% women

question

adults of what age range had the highest percentage of current cigarette smoking and the percentage continues to _ with increasing age

answer

-25 to 44 -decrease with increasing age

question

_% of all cancer deaths have_as a primary causal factor

answer

-30% -smoking

question

describe the relation between education and cigarettes?

answer

-adults with a bachelor's degree or higher education are two times less likely to smoke than are those with less than a high school education

question

describe the relation between ethnicity and cigarette smoking and what ethnicity has the highest rates of smoking?

answer

-Cigarette smoking also varies with ethnicity, with the highest rates of smoking found among and American Indian and Alaska Natives

question

table of percentage of population that smokes (age 18 and older) among select groups in US

answer

contains overall US, race (asian, black non-hispanic, hispanic, native american, white non-hipsanic) age (from 18 to 65+), gender, education, and income level

question

what economic groups smokes more?

answer

-the group of below poverty level smokes more than those of at or above poverty level

question

what tobacco product is the most used? what follows it?

answer

-cigarettes, followed by cigars and smokeless tobacco

question

production and distribution of tobacco products involve many _(2) issues

answer

-political and economic issues

question

how tobacco is a profit to government?

answer

-tobacco-growing-states derive substantial income from tobacco production, and federal, state, and local governments benefit enormously form cigarette taxes

question

the tobacco industry spends an estimated $36 million per day on _.why?

answer

-advertising and promotional material -with the number of smokers declining by about 1 million each year, the industry must actively recruit new smokers

question

advertising also plays an important role in encouraging_(what age people)

answer

-young people to begin a lifelong addiction to smoking before they are old enough to fully understand its long-term health risk

question

90% of adults who smoke started by the age of _, and half of them became regular smokers by their _birthday

answer

-21 -18

question

what products tobacco companies make to target children and teens?

answer

-target children and teens with tobacco products that have candy, fruit, or alcohol flavorings that mask the harshness of tobacco, thus making these items more appealing and palatable to young people

question

advertisements in women's magazines imply that smoking is _. how the cigarette sales to women have changed since mid-1970s?

answer

-the key to financial success, thinness (weight control), and independence, and social acceptance -from the mid-1970s through the early 2000s, cigarette sales to women increased dramatically.

question

along with the cigarette sales, what diseases targeted to women increased?

answer

by 1978, cigarette-induced lung cancer had surpassed breast cancer as the leading cancer killer among women and has remained the leading cancer killer in every year since

question

how cigarette advertisements target men?

answer

men are depicted in locker rooms, charging over rugged terrain in off-road vehicles, or riding stallions into the sunset in blatant appeals to a need to feel and appear masculine

question

what minority has been targeted by tobacco advertising in magazines?

answer

a higher concentration of tobacco advertising in magazines aimed at African Americans, such as Jet and Ebony,than in similar magazines aimed at broader audiences, such as Time and People.

question

Billboards and posters aiming the cigarette message at _(minority) have spotted the landscape in _(minority) communities for many years, especially _income areas

answer

-Hispanics -Hispanic communities -low-income

question

what are recent innovation by tobacco companies to advertise?

answer

-have included sponsorship of community-based events such as festivals and annual fairs

question

tobacco use has a financial cost to _

answer

society

question

estimates show that tobacco use causes over _in annual _-related economic losses. what are other financial costs to society?

answer

-$193 billion -health-related -the economic burden of tobacco use totals more than $96 billion in medical expenditures and $97 billion in indirect costs (absenteeism, added cost of fire insurance, training costs to replace employees who die prematurely, disability payments, etc)

question

the economic costs of smoking are estimated to be _per smoker per year

answer

$3,100 per smoker per year

question

these costs far exceed the _on the sale of _

answer

-tax revenues -sale of tobacco products

question

why do people start smoking? (main factor, what other factors (2), what tobacco companies know, what age group mainly target and how)

answer

-peer pressure plays a large role, as do advertising and the portrayal of smoking in various media -tobacco companies know that once a person starts smoking, chances are good that he or she will get hooked, so they make a concerted effort to attract children and teens by using colorful images and flavored products that mask the harshness of tobacco

question

_of high school students had experimented with smoking

answer

1/2

question

why high school students may try cigarettes? (factors)

answer

-they might try a cigarette out of curiosity, because their parents smoke, or as a result of peer pressure

question

why do some people walk away from cigarettes while others get hooked? (4 possible reasons)

answer

-Nicotine is very addictive drug -people can become hooked on the behavior itself -weight control can be a motivating factor -US residents are bombarded with cigarette advertising messages every day

question

beginning smokers usually feel the effects of _in their first puff. these symptoms are called _

answer

-nicotine -nicotine poisoning

question

nicotine poisoning (what is it and include symptoms (7))

answer

-symptoms often experienced by beginning smokers, including dizziness, diarrhea, lightheadedness, rapid and erratic pulse, clammy skin, nausea, and vomiting

question

what happens with nicotine poisoning symptoms with time? how this compares to symptoms of other drugs?

answer

-these symptoms cease as tolerance develops, which happens almost immediately in new users, perhaps after the second or third cigarette -in contrast, tolerance to most other drugs, such as alcohol, develops over a period of months or years.

question

regular smokers generally do not experience a _from smoking. they continue to smoke simply because_

answer

-"buzz" -quitting is so difficult

question

what is a factor that can be significantly influential in smoking initiation and nicotine dependence? explain how. (include neurotransitter name)

answer

-genetic factors -teenagers carrying variants in 2 genes were 3 times more likely to become regular smokers in adolescence and twice as likely to be persistent smokers in adulthood, compared to noncarriers -These two specific genes may influence smoking behavior by affecting the action of the brain chemical dopamine

question

people who smoke are not just _dependent on nicotine, they are also _dependent

answer

-physically -psychologically (behavioral dependence)

question

how a psychological/ behavioral dependence arise? (involve nicotine into discussion)

answer

-nicotine "tricks" the brain into creating pleasurable memory associations between sensory stimuli or environmental cues that may trigger the urge for a cigarette -even those who smoke only occasionally might find it hard to quit because of associations between smoking and a behavior such as having a drink or a morning cup of coffee

question

many smokers have a difficult time imaging _

answer

not smoking

question

describe examples of psychological dependence and how difficult is for smokers to image not smoking

answer

-they often describe their cigarette as their friend -For some smokers, simply holding a cigarette provides comfort and can have a calming effect -some former smokers remain vulnerable to sensory and environmental cues, such as the smell of tobacco or driving a car, for years after they quit

question

factors affecting what women smoke are in page

answer

*page 358*

question

tobacco-related disease kills an estimated _women, making it _

answer

-174,000 -it the largest preventable cause of death among women in the US

question

women who _are at higher risk of developing breast cancer

answer

-begin smoking at an early age (within 5 years of their first menstrual period)

question

how smoking-related cancer deaths are changing with respect to gender?

answer

data form CDC, indicate that smoking-related cancer deaths are decreasing among men but are increasing among women

question

postmenopausal women who smoke have _than do women who never smoked, putting these women at increased risk for _

answer

-lower bone density -osteoporosis

question

why nicotine helps in weight control?

answer

-nicotine is an appetite suppressant and slightly increases the smoker's basal metabolic rate -people who start smoking often lose weight -after smoking, a smoker's metabolism increases right away and then returns to a normal level -heavy smokers may have higher metabolic rates and lower appetite

question

what happens when smokers quits? (regarding weight)

answer

-when a smoker quits, the metabolic rate slows down and appetite returns -people tend to eat more (sweets in particular) when they stop smoking, with an average weight gain between 5 to 8 pounds

question

fear of _is one of the biggest reasons smokers are reluctant to quit

answer

gaining weight

question

ways to avoid weight gaining after quitting smoking include_

answer

-avoiding crash diets -keeping low-calorie treats handy -drinking plenty of water

question

_are the targets of heavy tobacco marketing and advertising campaigns.

answer

-college students

question

The tobacco industry has set up aggressive marketing promotions at_(locations) specifically targeted at _age group

answer

-bars, music festivals, and other events -18- to 24-year-old age group

question

what makes college students especially vulnerable?

answer

-being placed in a new, often stressful social and academic environment makes college students especially vulnerable to outside influences

question

_influence can prompt students to start or continue smoking, and many colleges and universities still _

answer

-peer influence -sell tobacco products in campus stores

question

how cigarette smoking among US college students has changed?

answer

-cigarette smoking among US college students has decreased in recent years

question

among young adults 18 to 22 years old, what college students are less likely to smoke cigarettes? (enrollment status, gender)

answer

-full-time college students were less likely to be current cigarette smokers than their peers who were not enrolled full time in college -the same patter was found among both males and females in this age range. -among males age 18 to 22 who were full-time college students in 2010, cigarette use declined -smokeless tobacco did not differ significantly between males age 18 to 22 who were full-time college students and males of the same age group who were not enrolled full time in college -college men and women have nearly identical rates of cigarette smoking, but men use more cigars and smokeless tobacco

question

why do college students smoke? (4)

answer

-main reason: wants to relax or to reduce stress (smokers are more likely to have a higher levels of perceived stress than do nonsmokers) -fit in or due to social pressure -they cannot stop or are addicted -weight control is an important motivation, and fear of weight gain is a common reason for smoking relapse

question

students diagnosed with what mental disorder are more likely to use tobacco?

answer

-students diagnosed or treated for depression are 7.5 times more likely to use tobacco compared to students who were never diagnosed or treated for depression

question

many college-age smokers identify themselves as_

answer

social smokers

question

social smoker

answer

-those who smoke when they are with people, rather than alone

question

half of college smokers _. those smokers when smoke?(include gender and age)

answer

-deny being smokers -those students are often younger males who are low-level smokers -many of these students smoke in social situations where they also drink alcohol

question

what are risks of social smoking?

answer

-even on occasional smoking is not without risks of damaging health effects -social smoking in college can lead to a complete dependence on nicotine and thus to all the same health risk as smoking regularly

question

list reasons why college students smoke in order (7)

answer

-reduce stress -social pressure -cannot stop (addicted) -social smoker -experiment -concentrate -control appetite

question

smoking less than a pack of cigarettes a week has been show to damage _and to increase_

answer

-damage blood vessels and to increase the risk of heart disease and cancer

question

occasional or social smokers also experience an increased occurrence of _(sicknesses)

answer

-colds -sore throats -shortness of breath -fatigue

question

In women taking birth control pills, even a few cigarettes a week can increase the likelihood of _(diseases (5))

answer

-heart disease -blood clots -stroke -liver cancer -gallbladder disease

question

pregnant women who smoke only occasionally still run a risk of _

answer

-giving birth to unhealthy babies

question

most student smokers want to _. explain how successful they are

answer

-quit (stop smoking) --in spite of their effort o desire to quit, almost all daily smokers continue to smoke throughout college

question

What colleges and universities must do to reduce incidence of smoking among students?

answer

-college and universities need to engage in antismoking efforts, control tobacco advertising, provide smoke-free residence halls, and offer greater access to smoking-cessation programs -even banning smoking on campuses *for more about banning is in page 360*

question

what ETS stands for? places to get it?

answer

-environmental tobacco smoke -students have been exposed to ETS in restaurant or bar (most), home or in the same aroom as smoker, and in a car

question

there is a well-established link between _

answer

-smoking and drinking -reason students who binge drink were more likely to get exposed to Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)

question

what is the most common form of tobacco use?

answer

-smoking

question

smoking delivers a strong dose of _directly to _, along with _(#) other chemicals substances, including_(3). among these chemicals are at least _(#)known or suspected _

answer

-nicotine -lungs -7,000 -arsenic, formaldehyde, and ammonia -69 -carcinogens

question

some of the chemicals contained in tobacco smoke can also be found in _(4)

answer

-chemical weapons -household cleaners -car exhaust -embalming fluid

question

inhaling toxic gases exposes _(part of body that is no lungs) to irritating chemicals that weaken the tissues and contribute to _(diseases). the _from tobacco smoke is also harmful to tissues

answer

-sensitive mucous membranes -cancers of the mouth, larynx, and throat -heat form tobacco smoke

question

what is the most addictive chemical stimulant in tobacco products? It is the major _substance in all tobacco products

answer

-nicotine -major psychoactive substance in all tobacco products

question

nicotine

answer

primary stimulant chemical in tobacco products that is highly addictive

question

in natural form, how is nicotine?

answer

nicotine is colorless liquid that turn brown upon exposure to air

question

how nicotine is intentionally absorbed by the body? (2)

answer

-when nicotine leaves are burned in a cigarette, pipe, or cigar nicotine is released and inhaled into the lungs -sucking or chewing tobacco releases nicotine into the saliva, and the nicotine is then absorbed through the mucous membranes in the mouth

question

nicotine is a powerful _system stimulant that produces a variety of psychological effects. In the _(part of brain), it produces an _state

answer

-central nervous system -cerebral cortex -produces an aroused, alert mental state

question

how nicotine affects the adrenal glands?

answer

-nicotine stimulates the adrenal glands, which increases the production of adrenaline

question

What else is being affected by nicotine? (think about cardiovascular system)

answer

-it also increases heart and respiratory rates, constricts blood vessels, and, in turn, increases blood pressure because the heart must work harder to pump blood through the narrowed vessels

question

cigarette smoke is _produced by_

answer

a complex mixture of chemicals and gases produced by the burning of tobacco and its additives

question

tar (what it is and where in the body forms)

answer

-thick, brownish sludge condensed from particulate matter in smoked tobacco -particular matter condenses in the lungs

question

tar contains various_, such as_,and chemical_, such as_

answer

-carcinogen agents, such as benzopyrene -chemical irritants, such as phenol

question

phenol has the potential to _that contribute to _

answer

-combine with other chemicals that contribute to developing lung cancer

question

in healthy lungs, what is found on the surface lining of upper respiratory passages? function?

answer

-in healthy lungs, millions of tiny hairlike projections (cilia) on the surfaces lining the upper respiratory passages sweep away foreign matter, which is expelled from the lungs by coughing

question

how cilia is affected by smoking? what this allows? (think about tar)

answer

-the cilia's cleansing function is impaired in smokers' lungs by nicotine, which paralyzes the cilia for up to 1 hour following a single cigarette -this allows tars and other solids in tobacco smoke to accumulate and irritate sensitive lung tissue

question

smoke particles irritate lung pathways, causing extra_production, and nicotine _. what this two things result in?

answer

-mucus -nicotine paralyzes the cilia that normally function to keep the lungs clear of excess mucus -the result is difficulty breathing, "smoker's cough," and chronic bronchitis

question

what damage can tar cause in lungs? (2)

answer

-at the same time, tar collects within the alveoli (air sacs), ultimately causing their walls to break, leading to emphysema -tar and other carcinogens in tobacco smoke also cause cellular mutations that lead to cancer

question

cigarette smoke also contains poisonous gases, what is the most dangerous one?

answer

-the most dangerous of which is carbon monoxide

question

carbon monoxide (what it is, what does to body, normally emitted in_)

answer

-gas found in cigarette smoke that reduces the ability of blood to carry oxygen by binding with the receptor sites for oxygen, causing oxygen deprivation in many body tissues -deadly gas emitted in car exhaust

question

carbon monoxide is at least partly responsible for the increased risk of _(2 diseases)in smokers

answer

-heart attacks and stokes

question

is social smoking really that bad for me?

answer

-an occasional puff once in a while when you are out with friends cannot hurt right? Wrong! There is no "safe" amount of tobacco use--any smoking or exposure to smoke increases your risks for negative health effects such as heart disease and lung cancer -and even if you smoke only once or twice a week and consider yourself a social smoker, chances are you are on the road to dependence and a more frequent smoking habit

question

tobacco comes in several forms, list them (5, include how use it)

answer

The ones used for burning and inhaling tobacco: -cigarettes -cigars -pipes and hookahs -bidis Smokeless tobacco is sniffed or placed in the mouth

question

types of cigarettes

answer

-filtered cigarettes -clove cigarettes -menthol cigarettes

question

what is the most common form of tobacco available?

answer

-Filtered cigarettes

question

how filtered cigarettes are made and why?

answer

-almost all manufactured cigarettes have filters designed to reduce levels of gases such as hydrogen cyanide and carbon monoxide, but these products may actually deliver more hazardous gases to the user than nonfiltered brands

question

what some smokers that use cigarettes do to smoke more cigarettes? why this is worst?

answer

-some smokers use low-tar and low-nicotine products as an excuse to smoke more cigarettes -this practice is self-defeating because they wind up exposing themselves to more harmful substances than they would with a smaller number of regular-strength cigarettes

question

what are made the clove cigarettes?

answer

-contain about 40% ground cloves (a spice) and about 60% tobacco -contain eugenol

question

how harmful are clove cigarettes? what contain that is bad?

answer

-clove cigarettes contain higher levels of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide than do regular cigarettes -the numbing effect of eugenol, an ingredient in cloves, allows smokers to inhale more deeply

question

how harmful are menthol cigarettes? what contain?

answer

-the throat-numbing effect of the menthol allows for deeper inhalation -menthol cigarettes also have higher carbon monoxide concentrations than regular cigarettes

question

how cigar sales have changed since 1997 in US?

answer

-since 1997, cigars sales in the US have increased dramatically

question

many people believe that cigars are safer than cigarettes, how this is wrong?

answer

-cigars smoke contains 23 poisons and 43 carcinogens -most cigars contain as much nicotine as several cigarettes, and when cigar smokers inhale, nicotine is absorbed as rapidly as it is with cigarettes -for those who do not inhale, nicotine is still absorbed through the mucous membranes in the mouth

question

how pipes have been used throughout the world?

answer

-pipes have had a long history of use throughout eh world, including ritualistic and ceremonial use in many cultures

question

how harmful are pipe smoking?

answer

-pipe smoking carries risks similar to cigar smoking

question

of concern in recent years is the increasing prevalence, particularly among _, of the use of _, or _

answer

-college students -hookahs -water pipes

question

Hookah smoking (where originated, what involves)

answer

-Originated in the middle east -involves burning flavored tobacco in a water pipe and inhaling the smoke through a long hose

question

Why Hookahs are marketed as safe alternatives to cigarettes? however, what is the reality?

answer

-hookahs are marketed as a safe alternative to cigarettes because they reduce the risks from hazardous chemicals by filtering the smoke through water before it is inhaled -while water pipes may cool the smoke, they do not eliminate or filter out harmful substances

question

In addition to the health risks associated with all tobacco products, risk associated with hookah use include_

answer

possibility of infectious disease transmission by sharing a pipe

question

bidis (what are them, flavors, resemble what)

answer

-small, hand-rolled flavored cigarettes that come in a variety of flavors, such as vanilla, chocolate, and cherry -resemble a marijuana joint or a clove cigarette

question

where bidis are generally made?

answer

-in India or Southeast Asia

question

bidis have become increasingly popular with _because they are viewed as _. however, they are_

answer

-college students -safer and cheaper than cigarettes -far more toxic than cigarettes

question

how harmful are bidis?

answer

--they are far more toxic than cigarettes -smoke form a bidi contains 3 times more carbon monoxide and nicotine and five times more tar than cigarettes -the leaf wrappers are nonporous, which means that smokers must suck harder to inhale and must inhale more to keep the bidi lit (28 puffs to smoke a bidi, compared to only 9 puffs for a regular cigarette) -This results in increased exposure to higher amounts of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide, and bidis lack any sort of filter to reduce these levels

question

Bidi smoking increases the risk fr _(diseases)

answer

-oral cancer -stomach cancer -esophageal cancer -is also associated with emphysema and chronic bronchitis

question

what are the 2 types of smokeless tobacco?

answer

-chewing tobacco -snuff

question

chewing tobacco

answer

-stringy form of tobacco that is placed in the mouth and then sucked or chewed

question

3 forms of chewing tobacco (types)

answer

-loose leaf -plug -in a pouch

question

chewing tobacco contains _

answer

-tobacco leaves treated with molasses and other flavorings

question

how the user uses the chewing tobacco?

answer

-the user dips the tobacco by placing a small amount between the lower lip and teeth to stimulate the flow of saliva and release the nicotine

question

dipping

answer

-placing a small amount of chewing tobacco between the lower lip and teeth for rapid nicotine absorption

question

dipping rapidly releases nicotine into_

answer

bloodstream

question

use of chewing tobacco by_has increased

answer

-teenage boys, especially in rural areas

question

is chewing tobacco as harmful as smoking? (how harmful to health, what contains, example of someone that used it)

answer

-no matter in what form you use it, tobacco is hazardous to your health -chewing tobacco and snuff actually contain more nicotine than cigarettes and just as many toxic and carcinogenic chemicals ex: a young cancer survivor began using smokeless tobacco at age 13; by age 17, he was diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma. He was undergone surgery to remove neck muscles, lymph nodes, and his tongue, and he now educates others about the dangers of chewing tobacco

question

snuff (what you do with it, how absorbed)

answer

-powdered form of tobacco that is sniffed or absorbed through the mucous membranes in the nose or placed inside the cheek and sucked

question

snuff is a _from of tobacco that can be _(how used)

answer

-finely ground -inhaled, chewed or placed against the gums

question

snuff comes in what presentation?

answer

-snuff comes in dry or moist powered form or sachets (tea bag-like pouches)

question

snus became the latest form of smokeless tobacco to hit the market in US. how used and why popular?

answer

-popular for more than 100 years in Sweden, these small sachets of tobacco are placed in side the cheek and sucked -some people prefer snus to chewing tobacco because it does not require the user to spit frequently

question

how smokeless tobacco compares with cigarettes?

answer

-smokeless tobacco is just as addictive as cigarettes and actually contains more nicotine (1 dip in mouth for 30 minutes delivers as much nicotine as smoking 4 cigarettes; a two-can-a-week snuff user gets as much nicotine as a 10-pack-a-week smoker)

question

what problems are common among users of smokeless tobacco? explain

answer

-dental problems -contact with tobacco juice causes receding gums, tooth decay, bad breath, and discolored teeth -damage to both the teeth and jawbone can contribute to loss of teeth

question

each day, cigarettes contribute to more than 1,200 deaths from_

answer

-cancers, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory disorders

question

systems affected by short-term health effects of tobacco (smoking) (7)

answer

-brain -nose and mouth -lungs -heart and blood vessels -endocrine system -stomach -muscles

question

systems affected by long-term health effects of tobacco (smoking) (6)

answer

-nervous system -skin -mouth -respiratory system -cardiovascular system -reproductive system

question

explain short-term health effects of smoking: brain (2)

answer

-lightheadedness -aroused mental state

question

explain short-term health effects of smoking: nose and mouth (3)

answer

-irritates throat and airways -dulls senses of smell and taste -increases mucus and phlegm

question

explain short-term health effects of smoking: lungs (1)

answer

-increases respiratory rate

question

explain short-term health effects of smoking: heart and blood vessels (2)

answer

-constricts blood vessels -increases pulse and blood pressure

question

explain short-term health effects of smoking: endocrine system (2)

answer

-increases blood sugar levels -increases production of adrenaline

question

explain short-term health effects of smoking: stomach (1)

answer

-suppresses appetite

question

explain short-term health effects of smoking: muscles (1)

answer

-induces fatigue

question

explain long-term health effects of smoking: nervous system (1)

answer

-addiction and nicotine craving

question

explain long-term health effects of smoking: skin (2)

answer

-stained fingers -excess wrinkling

question

explain long-term health effects of smoking: mouth (3)

answer

-increased risk of gum disease -increased risk of cancers of the oral cavity, throat, and larynx -Stained teeth

question

explain long-term health effects of smoking: respiratory system (2)

answer

-increased susceptibility to cold, flu, pneumonia, and asthma -greatly increased risk of lung cancer, emphysema, and other lung diseases

question

explain long-term health effects of smoking: cardiovascular system (2)

answer

-increased risk of stroke -increased risk of heart disease, artherosclerosis

question

explain long-term health effects of smoking: reproductive system (2)

answer

-increased risk of impotence, infertility -in pregnant women, increased risk of miscarriage, stillbirth, and low birth weight babies

question

health hazards of tobacco products (smoking) (in general) (4)

answer

-cancer -cardiovascular disease -respiratory disorders -sexual dysfunction and fertility problems

question

what is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the US?

answer

lung cancer

question

The American Cancer Society estimates that tobacco smoking causes _% of all cases of lung cancer; fewer than _% of cases occur among nonsmokers

answer

-85 to 90% -10%

question

lung cancer can take _years to develop

answer

10 to 30 years

question

when lung cancer is diagnosed?

answer

-most lung cancer is not diagnosed until it is fairly widespread in the body

question

if you are a smoker, your risk of developing lung cancer depends on several factors:

answer

1. the amount you smoke per day. the more you smoke, the more likely to develop lung cancer 2. the age at which you started smoking. If you started in your teens, you have a greater chance of developing lung cancer than do people who start later 3. whether you inhale deeply when you smoke.

question

as little as 1 cigar per day can double the risk of several cancers, including_

answer

-cancer of the oral cavity (lip, tongue, mouth, and throat) -esophagus -larynx -lungs

question

smokers are also more susceptible to the cancer-causing effects of exposure to _than are nonsmokers

answer

-irritants, such as asbestos and radon

question

what is a major risk of chewing tobacco?

answer

-leukoplakia

question

leukoplakia

answer

-condition characterized by leathery white patches inside the mouth, which is produced by contact with irritants in tobacco juice

question

3 to 17% diagnosed leukoplakia cases develop into _

answer

oral cancer

question

_(2) users are 30 times more likely to develop oral cancers than are nonusers

answer

heavy alcohol and smokeless tobacco users

question

warning signs of luekoplakia

answer

-lumps in the jaw or neck -color changes or lumps inside the lips -white, smooth, or scaly patches in the mouth or on the neck, lips, or tongue -a red spot or sore on the lips or gums or inside the mouth that does not heal in 2 weeks -repeated bleeding in the mouth -difficulty or abnormality in speaking or swallowing

question

the lag time between first use and contracting cancer is shorter for _(who and why?)

answer

-smokeless tobacco users than for smokers because absorption through the gums is the most efficient route of nicotine administration

question

many smokeless tobacco users eventually "graduate" to cigarettes and _(bad results)

answer

-increase their risk for developing additional problems

question

tobacco (smoking) is linked to what cancers?

answer

-smokers develop pancreatic cancer -smokers are at increased risk to develop cancers of lip, tongue, salivary glands, and esophagus -long-term use of smokeless tobacco increases the risk of cancers of larynx, esophagus, nasal cavity, pancreas, kidney, and bladder -tobacco consumption increases lung cancer

question

how tobacco use and smoking rates have changed along with lung cancer deaths?

answer

-a dramatic rise in lung cancer death rates echoed the rise in popularity of cigarettes and other tobacco products. After tobacco use and smoking rates began to decline in 1980s, the lung cancer death rates began to decline as well

question

over a third of all tobacco-related deaths occur form _

answer

heart diseases

question

smoking poses as great a risk for developing _(what cardiovascular diseases)

answer

-heart disease -high blood pressure -high cholesterol

question

how cigars contribute to cardiovascular diseases?

answer

-daily cigar smoking, especially for people who inhale, also increases the risk of heart disease (cigar smokers double their risk of heart attack and stroke compared to nonsmokers)

question

smoking contributes to heart disease by _(what do to body and why this happens?)

answer

-aging the arteries -this occurs because smoking and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) encourage and accelerate the build up of fatty deposits (plaque) in the heart and major blood vessels (artheroscleoris)

question

what is the relation between smoking and cholesterol?

answer

-smoking decreases blood levels of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs), the good cholesterol that helps protect against heart attacks

question

smoking also contributes to _

answer

platelet adhesiveness

question

platelet adhesiveness

answer

-stickiness of red blood cells associated with blood clots

question

how smoking can affect the heart?

answer

-the oxygen deprivation associated with smoking decreases oxygen supplies to the heart and can weaken tissues -smoking also contributes to irregular heart rhythms, which can trigger a heart attack

question

both carbon monoxide and nicotine can precipitate _attacks, which are_

answer

-angina attacks -chest pain due to the heart muscle not getting the blood supply it needs

question

smokers are 2 to 4 times as likely to suffer _as nonsmokers

answer

strokes

question

when a stroke occurs?

answer

-a stroke occurs when a small blood vessel in the brain bursts or is blocked by a blood clot, denying oxygen and nourishment to vital portions of the brain

question

depending on the part of the brain affected, a stroke can result in_

answer

-paralysis -loss of mental functioning -death

question

how smoking contributes to strokes? (2)

answer

-by raising blood pressure, which increases the stress on vessel walls -platelet adhesiveness contributes to blood clot formation

question

if a person quits smoking, the risk of drying from a heart attack falls by_after only_year without smoking and declines steadily thereafter. After about _years without smoking, an ex-smoker's risk of coronary heart disease is similar to that of people who have never smoked

answer

-half -1 year -15 years

question

smoking quickly impairs the _system

answer

respiratory system

question

smokers can feel the impact of smoking to the respiratory system in a relatively short period of time. give examples

answer

-they are prone to breathlessness, chronic cough, and excess phlegm production production than are nonsmokers of the same age

question

smokers tend to miss work _more often than nonsmokers, primarily because of _

answer

-1/3 -respiratory conditions

question

over time, cumulative lung damage can lead to _, including _

answer

-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) -including chronic bronchitis and emphysema

question

smokers are up to 18 times more likely to die of _than are nonsmokers

answer

lung disease

question

50% of regular smokers eventually die of _diseases

answer

smoking-related diseases

question

explain what consists of chronic bronchitis and how smokers get it. this results in what other disease?

answer

-chronic bronchitis develop in smokers because their inflamed lungs produce more mucus, which they constantly try to expel along with foreign particles -this results in the persistent cough known as "smoker's hack"

question

smokers are more prone to respiratory aliments (diseases) such as _

answer

-influenza -pneumonia -colds

question

emphysema

answer

-a respiratory disease in which the alveoli (tiny air sacs in lungs) become distended or ruptured and are no longer functional

question

with emphysema and the destruction of alveoli, what ability lungs lose? what activity becomes difficult?

answer

-impairment the lungs' ability to obtain oxygen and remove carbon dioxide -as a result, breathing becomes difficult

question

while healthy people expend only about _% of their energy in breathing, people with advanced emphysema expend nearly _%

answer

-5% -80%

question

because of emphysema, what might happen to the heart? how death occurs?

answer

-because the heart has to work harder to do even the simplest tasks, it may become enlarged and death from heart damage may result

question

what is the severity of emphysema?

answer

-there is no known cure for emphysema, and the damage is irreversible

question

approx. _% of all cases of emphysema are related to cigarette smoking

answer

80%

question

what sexual dysfunction is due to use of tobacco and smoking? explain why and having this problem could be indicating the oncoming of what disease

answer

-impotence in men -male smokers are twice as likely as nonsmokers to suffer some form of impotence -toxins in cigarette smoke damage blood vessels, reducing blood flow to the penis and leading to an inadequate erection -impotence may indicate oncoming cardiovascular disease

question

what are two reproductive system problems for women that smoke or use tobacco? (2) (sexual dysfunction)

answer

-smoking can lead to infertility and problems with pregnancy -women who smoke increase their risk for infertility, ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage, and stillbirth

question

smoking also increases the risk of _(regarding baby in pregnancy)

answer

-sudden infant death and the chances of a baby being born with a cleft lip or cleft palate

question

smoking during pregnancy accounts for 30% of_births and increases the risk of _, which in turn increases the likelihood of _of an infant

answer

smoking during pregnancy accounts for 30% of premature births and increases the risk of low birth weight (less than 5.5 pounds), which in turn increases the likelihood of illness or death of an infant

question

oral health effects of smoking

answer

-gum disease -smokers lose significantly more teeth

question

smoking increases the risk of _ (eye problem)

answer

-macular degeneration, one of the most common causes of blindness in older adults

question

how smoking affects the appearance?

answer

-smoking causes premature skin wrinkling -staining of the teeth -yellowing of fingernails -bad breath

question

how nicotine affects medication effectiveness?

answer

-nicotine speeds up the process by which the body uses and eliminates drugs, making medication less effective

question

smoking significantly increases the risk of_(mental disease)

answer

-Alzheimer's disease

question

although fewer Americans smoke than in the past, _continues to be a problem. This is referred as_(signals are ETS)

answer

-air pollution from smoking in public places -Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)

question

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)

answer

smoke from tobacco products, including secondhand and mainstream smoke

question

what are 2 categories or types of Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)?

answer

-mainstream smoke -sidestream smoke

question

mainstream smoke

answer

-smoke that is drawn through tobacco while inhaling

question

sidestream smoke (other name and definition)

answer

-commonly called secondhand smoke -cigarette, pipe, or cigar smoke breathed by nonsmokers -smoke from burning end of a cigarette or smoke exhaled by a smoker

question

people who breathe smoke from someone else's smoking product are said to be _

answer

-involuntary or passive smokers

question

how detectable levels of nicotine exposure in nonsmoking Americans has changed? why?

answer

-between 1980 and 2008, detectable levels of nicotine exposure in nonsmoking Americans has decreased from 87.9% to 40.1% -the decrease in exposure to secondhand smoke is due to the growing number of laws that ban smoking in workplaces and other public areas

question

examples of laws that intent to decrease exposure to secondhand smoke (include number of states, laws, and percentage of Americans protected by these laws)

answer

-19 states, Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia had laws in effect requiring workplaces, restaurants, and bars to be 100% smoke free -these laws, along with local laws, protect 41% of the US population -Another 19 states ban smoking in some of these locations

question

groups such as_(2) continue to push for policies and laws in support of smoke-free public places

answer

-Action on Smoking and Health and Americans for Nonsmokers Rights

question

who is more heavily exposed to Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)?

answer

-children are more heavily exposed to ETS than adults (more than 53%)

question

what ethnic or racial group has higher levels of exposure to Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)?

answer

-African Americans have been found to have higher levels of exposure to ETS than whites and Latinos

question

what income level has higher exposure to Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)?

answer

-ETS exposure is higher among low-income persons

question

what are the health risks of secondhand smoke? (who is mainly vulnerable)

answer

-every year, ETS is responsible for thousands of deaths from lung cancer and heart disease in nonsmoking adults, as well as hundreds of infant deaths from SIDS among babies who live with smokers -because their bodies and brains are still developing, infants and children are particularly vulnerable to the toxins in secondhand smoke: it can cause respiratory problems, including lower respiratory infections and increased frequency and severity of asthma attacks, and other health concerns, such as greater risk of ear infection

question

although involuntary smokers breath less tobacco than active smokers do, they _

answer

still face risks from exposure

question

secondhand smoke actually contains_, and it is the primary cause of _pollution

answer

-contains more carcinogenic substances than that which a smoker inhales -it is the primary cause of indoor air pollution

question

According to American Lung Association, secondhand smoke has_(chemicals quantities compared to mainstream smoke) (3)

answer

-about 2 times more tar and nicotine, 5 times more carbon monoxide, and 50 times more ammonia than mainstream smoke

question

every year, Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is responsible for what deaths and corresponding diseases?

answer

-ETS is estimated to be responsible for approx 3,400 lung cancer deaths in nonsmoking adults, 46,000 coronary and heart disease deaths in nonsmoking adults who live with smokers, and higher risk of death in newborns from sudden infant death syndrome

question

the _(organization) has designated secondhand smoke as a known_. why?

answer

-Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) -carcinogen -there are more than 50 cancer-causing agents found in secondhand smoke

question

what secondhand smoke does to body to increase risk for heart disease? what other cardiovascular disease casues?

answer

-secondhand smoke interferes with normal functioning of the heart, blood, and vascular systems, significantly increasing the risk for heart disease -also increases risk of nonsmokers exposed to secondhand smoke to get coronary heart disease than nonsmokers not exposed to smoke

question

list the diseases that children have greater risk of having due to exposure to Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)

answer

-increase risk of lower respiratory tract infection -children exposed to secondhand smoke have a greater chance of developing other respiratory problems such as coughing, wheezing, asthma, and chest colds, along with decrease in lung function

question

the most significant effects of secondhand smoke are seen in children under the age of _

answer

5

question

children exposed to secondhand smoke daily in the home miss 33% more _days and have 10% more _(2) than do those not exposed

answer

-miss school days -more colds and acute respiratory infections

question

secondhand smoke affects not only children's physical health, but also their_

answer

-cognitive abilities and academic success ex: learning disabilities, conduct disorders, and other behavioral disorders

question

children exposed to high levels of secondhand smoke, which gender was more likely to be at risk of developing learning disabilities?

answer

-boys were more likely to be at risk of developing learning disabilities than girls

question

list other problems with Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)

answer

-it can cause allergic reactions such as itchy eyes, difficulty breathing, headaches, nausea, and dizziness -increase risk of breast cancer in women; cancer of nasal sinus cavity and of the pharynx in adults; leukemia, lymphoma, and brain tumors in children

question

the level of carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke in enclosed spaces is _times higher than that allowed in the clean-air standard recommeded by EPA

answer

4,000

question

it has been more than 40 years since the US government began warning that _

answer

tobacco was hazardous to health

question

despite all the education on the health hazards of tobacco use,_ (2)associated with smoking still exceeds $193 billion each year

answer

-health care spending and lost productivity

question

Master Settlement Agreement (what year, between what two parties, what the agreement requires, includes)

answer

-In 1998, the tobacco industry reached the Master Settlement Agreement with 46 states -The agreement requires tobacco companies to pay more than $206 billion over 25 years -the agreement includes a variety of measures to support antismoking education and advertising and to fund research to determine effective smoking-cessation strategies -the agreement also curbs certain advertising and promotions directed at youth

question

how most of the money designated for tobacco control and prevention at the state level has been used?

answer

-unfortunately, most of the money designated for tobacco control and prevention at the state level has not been used for this purpose -many states have drastically cut spending on antismoking programs

question

In the few states that have spent the settlement money on smoking-cessation programs, what have been the results?

answer

-In the few states that have spent the settlement money on smoking-cessation programs, there has been some success in decreasing cigarette use

question

The Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act of 2009 allows_

answer

-US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to forbid advertising geared toward children, to lower the amount of nicotine in tobacco products, to ban sweetened cigarettes that appeal to young people, and to prohibit labels such as "light" and "low tar"

question

what is one of the most significant impacts of The Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act law?

answer

-one of the most impacts of the law is that it requires more prominent health warnings on advertising of tobacco products ex: smokeless tobacco ads must contain a warning that fills 20% of the advertising space

question

As June 2012 and stated by The Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act, how cigarette packages and advertising will be modified?

answer

-cigarette packages and advertising are requires to have larger, stronger warnings that must cover the top half of both the front and back of each package and include "color graphics depicting the negative health consequences of smoking"

question

smokers who want to quit, what must do? (2)

answer

-must break both the physical addiction to nicotine and the psychological habit of lighting up at certain times or in certain situations

question

approx _% of US adults smokers want to quit smoking, and up to _% make a serious attempt to quit each year. However, only_% suceed

answer

-70% -44% 4 to 7%

question

quitting is often a _process involving _

answer

-lengthy process -several unsuccessful attempts before success is finally achieved

question

benefits of quitting (body)

answer

-many body tissues damaged by smoking can repair themselves -as soon as smokers stop, the body begins the repair process -within 8 hours, carbon monoxide and oxygen levels return to normal, and "smoker's breath" disappears -often within a month of quitting, the mucus that clogs airways is broken up and eliminated -circulation and the senses of taste and smell improve within weeks

question

many ex-smokers say that they _(3 benefits of quitting)

answer

-have more energy -sleep better -feel more alert

question

after 1 year of quitting, the risk for _decreases. what other risks decrease?

answer

-risk for lung cancer and stroke -risk of developing cancer of mouth, throat, esophagus, larynx, pancreas, bladder, or cervix is considerably reduced, as is the risk of peripheral artery disease, COPD, coronary heart disease, and ulcers

question

women that quit smoking are less likely to _

answer

bear babies of low birth weight

question

within 2 years of quitting, the risk for _drops to near normal

answer

heat attack

question

after 10 smoke-free years, ex-smokers can expect a _

answer

-normal life span -lung cancer risk comparable to those of nonsmokers

question

timeline of how body recuperates after a smoker quits is

answer

in page 369 figure 12.6

question

what is another benefit besides health benefits regarding quitting smoking?

answer

-money saved -a single pack of cigarettes ranges from about $5.00 to as much as $9 to $11 -quitting smoking, while is costly because of smoking-quitting aids, is less costly than smoking that includes smoke packages and health care costs *costs of quitting vs smoking is in page 371*

question

after 15 years of quitting smoking, _risk is the same as nonsmokers

answer

heart disease risk

question

most people who are successful at quitting, how quit?

answer

quit "cold turkey," that is they simply decide not to smoke again

question

how can you quit? (ways to do it)

answer

-gradual reduction in smoking levels, which can reduce risks over time -some rely on short-term programs, such as those offered by the American Cancer Society, which are based on behavior modification and a system of self-rewards -others turn to treatment centers, community outreach programs, or a telephone helpline -some people work privately with their physicians to reach their goal

question

what are factors to consider in deciding on a method to quit? (3)

answer

-financial considerations -personality -level of addiction

question

_addiction may be one of the toughest addictions to overcome

answer

nicotine addiction

question

nicotine withdrawal

answer

-symptoms including nausea, headaches, irritability, and intense tobacco cravings suffered by nicotine-addicted individuals who stop using tobacco

question

symptoms of nicotine withdrawal (signs)

answer

-irritability -restlessness -nausea -vomiting -intense cravings for tobacco

question

for coping strategies for common smoking withdrawal problems

answer

*see page 370 table 12.3* withdrawal challenge: -anger, frustration, and irritability -anxiety -mild depression -weight gain

question

strong evidence that consistent _(what it is and 2 types)can help a smoker quit

answer

-pharmacological treatments like nicotine replacement therapy or smoking-cessation medications

question

what nicotine replacement products are about?

answer

-nontobacco products that replace depleted levels of nicotine in the bloodstream

question

what are 2 most common types of nicotine replacement products? (get over the counter and need no prescription)

answer

-nicotine chewing gum -nicotine patch

question

FDA has approved what nicotine replacement products_. they require prescription

answer

-nicotine lozenges -nicotine nasal spray -nicotine inhaler

question

what is a nicotine replacement product that comes with its own health concerns?

answer

-e-cigarette *for more info go teo page 372*

question

explain how nicotine gum works

answer

-the use chews up to 20 pieces of gum a day for 1 to 3 months -nicotine gum delivers about the same amount of nicotine as a cigarette, but because it is absorbed through the mucous membrane of the mouth, it does not produce the same rush

question

benefits of using nicotine gum

answer

-users experience no withdrawal symptoms and fewer cravings for nicotine as the dosage is reduced until they are completely weaned

question

Nicotine-containing lozenges are available in _strenghts, and a _-week program of use is recommended to allow users to taper off the drug

answer

-2 strengths -12-week program

question

nicotine patch is used in conjunction with a _

answer

-comprehensive smoking-cessation program

question

how the nicotine patch works?

answer

-A small, thin patch placed on the smoker's upper body delivers a continuous flow of nicotine through the skin, helping to relieve cravings -The FDA recommends using the patch for 3 to 5 months. During this time, the dose of nicotine is gradually reduced until the smoker is fully weaned from the drug

question

how nasal spray works?

answer

-it is much more powerful and delivers nicotine to the bloodstream faster than gum, lozenges, or the patch

question

warnings regarding nasal spray

answer

-patients are warned to be careful not to overdose; as little as 40 mg of nicotine take at once could be lethal -FDA has advised that the spray should be used for no more than 3 months and never for more than 6 months so that smokers do not find themselves as dependent on nicotine in spray form as they were on cigarettes -FDA also advises that no one who experiences nasal or sinus problems, or allergies, or asthma should use it

question

describe how nicotine inhaler works

answer

-consists of a mouthpiece and cartridge -by puffing on the mouthpiece, the smoker inhales air saturated with nicotine, which is absorbed through the lining of the mouth, not the lungs, entering the body much more slowly than does the nicotine in cigarettes -using the inhaler mimics the hand-to-mouth actions used in smoking and causes the back of the throat to feel as it would when inhaling tobacco smoke

question

list smoking-cessation medications including brand names (3). all of these are or will be soon approved by _

answer

-bupropion (Zyban) -Chantix (varenicline) -NicVAX (vaccine) -FDA

question

what bupropion does? (include normal use, what receptors it works in the brain)

answer

-an antidepressant, for use as a smoking-cessation aid -the drug, sold under the brand name Zyban, is thought to work on dopamine and norepinephrine receptors in the brain to decrease craving and withdrawal symptoms

question

Chantix (varenicline) (2 ways it works)

answer

-approved by FDA -works 2 ways: 1. it reduces nicotine cravings and the urge to smoke 2. it blocks the effects of nicotine at nicotine receptor sites in the brain

question

FDA issued an advisory that the use of Chantix and Zyban had been associated with _(behavior change)

answer

-changes in behavior such as hostility, agitation, depressed mood, and suicidal thoughts or actions

question

radical new way to help smokers quit is _(medication)

answer

NicVAX, an antismoking vaccine currenlty under investigation by FDA

question

how NicVAX works?

answer

-The vaccine, administered in a series of shots, helps the body build antibodies to nicotine, essentially making nicotine less addictive

question

what is one advantage of NicVAX vaccine?

answer

-one of the advantages of the vaccine over the other cessation methods is that it will reduce relapses by making the cigarette much less enjoyable if the quitter smokes one again

question

summary of recommended smoking cessation therapies are in page

answer

373 table 12.4 and include: -buproprion (Zyban) -Varenicline (Chantix) -Nicotine Gum -Nicotine Lozenges -Nicotine patch -Nicotine nasal spray -nicotine inhaler

question

alternative or nontraditional methods promoted as helpful in quitting are in

answer

*page 374* include -acupuncture -hypnosis -smoking aversion

question

for some smokers, the road to quitting include _therapy

answer

antismoking therapy

question

what are 2 common techniques for antismoking therapy?

answer

-operant conditioning -self-control therapy

question

explain how operant conditioning works

answer

-pairing the act of smoking with an external stimulus is a typical example of an operant strategy ex: one technique requires smokers to carry a timer that sounds a buzzer at various intervals. when the buzzer sounds, the patient is required to smoke a cigarette. once the smoker is conditioned to associate the sound of the buzzer with smoking, the buzzer is eliminated, and, one hopes, so is the smoking

question

explain how self-control therapy works (how view smoking)

answer

-self-control strategies view smoking as a learned habit associated with specific situations -therapy aims to identify these situations and teach smokers the skills necessary to resist smoking

question

Tips for quitting smoking (as stated by American Cancer Society's)

answer

-ask smokers who live with you to keep cigarettes out of sight and not offer you any -Use four Ds: deep breaths, drink water, do something else, and delay (tell yourself you will smoke in 10 minutes when the urge hits) -Keep "mouth toys" handy: hard candy, chewing gum, toothpicks, or carrot or celery sticks can help -Ask your doctor about nicotine gum, patches, nasal sprays, inhalers, or lozenges -Make an appointment with your dental hygienist to have your teeth cleaned -Examine those association that trigger your urge to smoke -Spend your time in places that do not allow smoking -Take up a new sport, exercise program, hobby, or organizational commitment. This will help shake up your routine and distract you from smoking

question

what is the explanation of Dr. Oz regarding why is so hard to quit smoking?

answer

-every time you take a puff of a cigarette, it is like taking a hit of heroin. you get ten of them per cigarette, so it is incredibly addictive. -whenever you take something in your hand and move it around, you reinforce a behavior. Cigarettes are the best example of that. In fact, it reminds you to smoke when you tap on something, when you see something long and narrow that you want to put in your mouth it reminds you that you need to smoke.

question

if you try to stop smoking cold turkey, your success rate is _% if you get help, success rate is _%

answer

5% 45% to 50%

question

why ads that say stop smoking are not effective? what to do instead to make someone stop smoking?

answer

-whenever we hear the word smoke, it turns the same part of your brain on that is turned on when you want to smoke -paradoxically, we are reminding people to smoke. -instead, you should show them the reality. ex: show them how a healthy vs smoker lung look like

question

people will quit for reasons of _

answer

love ex: someone cares about his family.

question

4 tips to stop smoking (quitting)

answer

1.figure out what kind of smoker you are (chemical addiction vs emotional addiction) 2. Make a plan to quit 3. Utilize anti-smoking medication 4. have plan for failure

question

describe chemical addiction in smokers

answer

chemical addiction will manifest themselves by reminding you that you are not getting your nicotine hit, which is like heroin -how know? how fast you get your cigarette in morning? do you live meetings to get cigarette? Those are chemical addiction

question

Smoking Social addictions are turned by_ (emotional addiction)

answer

by your friends having a cigarette, a stressful environment making you remember that you have not smoked in a while

question

to make a plan to quit smoke, what are steps?

answer

1. what are triggers? 2. control addiction (no stop, for example 1 an hour and that is it) 3. start walking or be in a weight loss program to do not get weight after quitting smoking (replace bad habit with good habit) 4. appointment with doctor

question

a normal person will fail _times in an effort to stop smoking before succeeding

answer

-6

question

what it means to take care of assertive issues?

answer

-people around you that smoke, you need to get away from them or have them to quit with you

question

what are the 3 most popularly used drugs among college students?

answer

-alcohol -tobacco -caffeine

question

This is the 31st tobacco-related Surgeon General's report issued since 1964. It describes the epidemic of tobacco use among youth ages _(age range) and young adults _(age range), including the epidemiology, causes, and health effects of this tobacco use and interventions proven to prevent it.

answer

-12 through 17 -ages 18 through 25

question

Today, more than _middle school students and _ high school students smoke cigarettes

answer

-600,000 -3 million

question

Every day, more than _people in this country die due to smoking. For each of those deaths, at least _ youth or young adults become regular smokers each day. Almost 90% of those replacement smokers smoke their first cigarette by age _

answer

-1,200 -two -18.

question

how rates of smokeless tobacco have change?

answer

Rates of smokeless tobacco use are no longer declining, and they appear to be increasing among some groups.

question

what tobacco product is popular with youth?

answer

-Cigars, especially cigarette-sized cigars, are popular with youth. -Use of multiple tobacco products—including cigarettes, cigars, and smokeless tobacco—is common among young people.

question

almost no one starts smoking after age_. Nearly 9 out of 10 smokers started smoking by age _, and 99% started by age _. Progression from occasional to daily smoking almost always occurs by age _.

answer

-25 -18 -26 -26

question

the_ (regarding youth) ,the more likely they will be addicted to nicotine

answer

The younger youth are when they start using tobacco, the more likely they'll be addicted.

question

how lung development is affected by smoking while young?

answer

Smoking reduces lung function and retards lung growth. Teens who smoke are not only short of breath today, they may end up as adults with lungs that will never grow to full capacity. Such damage is permanent and increases the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

question

how young are to nicotine? how this affects them for future?

answer

Youth are sensitive to nicotine and can feel dependent earlier than adults. Because of nicotine addiction, about three out of four teen smokers end up smoking into adulthood, even if they intend to quit after a few years.

question

Among youth who persist in smoking, a _ will die prematurely from smoking.

answer

1/3

question

youth are vulnerable to _(influences)

answer

Youth are vulnerable to social and environmental influences to use tobacco; messages and images that make tobacco use appealing to them are everywhere.

question

explain influences youth receive that make them smoke

answer

-young people want to fit in with their peers. Images in tobacco marketing make tobacco use appealing -Youth and young adults see smoking in their social circles, movies they watch, video games they play, websites they visit, and many communities where they live. Smoking is often portrayed as a social norm, and young people exposed to these images are more likely to smoke. -Youth identify with peers they see as social leaders and may imitate their behavior; those whose friends or siblings smoke are more likely to smoke. -Youth who are exposed to images of smoking in movies are more likely to smoke.

question

Tobacco companies spend more than a million dollars an hour in this country alone to _. what this means for the young?

answer

-market their products. -This report concludes that tobacco product advertising and promotions still entice far too many young people to start using tobacco.

question

The tobacco industry has stated that its marketing only promotes brand choices among adult smokers. Regardless of intent, this marketing encourages _ to smoke. Nearly 9 out of 10 smokers start smoking by age_, and more than 80% of underage smokers choose brands from among the top three most heavily _

answer

-underage youth - 18 -advertised.

question

The more young people are exposed to _, the more likely they are to smoke.

answer

cigarette advertising and promotional activities

question

Many tobacco products on the market appeal to youth. how?

answer

Some cigarette-sized cigars contain candy and fruit flavoring, such as strawberry and grape.

question

how snuffs are appealing to youth?

answer

Many of the newest smokeless tobacco products do not require users to spit, and others dissolve like mints; these products include snus—a spitless, dry snuff packaged in a small teabag-like sachet—and dissolvable strips and lozenges. Young people find these products appealing in part because they can be used without detection at school or other places where smoking is banned. However, these products cause and sustain nicotine addiction, and most youth who use them also smoke cigarettes.

question

what marketing campaign is especially appealing to young girls?

answer

Through the use of advertising and promotional activities, packaging, and product design, the tobacco industry encourages the myth that smoking makes you thin. This message is especially appealing to young girls. It is not true—teen smokers are not thinner than nonsmokers.

question

what is essential in program to cut youth tobacco use?

answer

Prevention is critical. Successful multi-component programs prevent young people from starting to use tobacco in the first place

question

Strategies that comprise successful comprehensive tobacco control programs include:

answer

Strategies that comprise successful comprehensive tobacco control programs include mass media campaigns, higher tobacco prices, smoke-free laws and policies, evidence-based school programs, and sustained community-wide efforts.

question

More than one-third (1/3) of all tobacco-related deaths occur from heart disease.

answer

True

question

which age group is the most targeted by tobacco advertisers?

answer

Young adults age 18 to 24

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