Ch. 12 Bio – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
RNA polymerase synthesizes new nucleotide chains in the 5' to 3' direction.
answer
During the process of transcription in a eukaryote
question
DNA -> RNA
answer
Which of the following best describes transcription
question
RNA -> Protein
answer
Which of the following best describes translation?
question
True
answer
The amino acid sequence of a protein determines its shape and specific function. TRUE OR FALSE?
question
When RNA is translated into protein
answer
At what point in gene expression do molecules go from being information storage molecules to metabolic and structurally functional molecules?
question
The final protein might not be functional
answer
There is an error during the transcription of a gene, what will be the consequence?
question
The protein might not be functional
answer
There is an error during translation of a gene, what will be the consequence?
question
promoter region
answer
The segment of the DNA molecule where messenger RNA synthesis begins is called the
question
3' GACUG 5'
answer
The complimentary messenger RNA strand that would be synthesized from the DNA base sequence of 5' CTGAC 3' would be
question
transcription terminator
answer
The structure that causes the synthesis of RNA to cease is known as the
question
In DNA replication the helix is never closed after it is opened by helicase, but once RNA polymerase has finished transcribing a region the double helix closes
answer
What is a difference between DNA replication and RNA transcription?
question
The initiation of transcription involves a sigma factor
answer
How do you know that the gene being transcribed in the animation is a prokaryote?
question
RNA polymerase.
answer
The enzyme that accomplishes transcription is termed
question
promoter
answer
The transcription enzyme first attaches to the ________ of the gene. The transcription enzyme first attaches to the ________ of the gene.
question
Helicase activity
answer
RNA polymerase is able to open the DNA double helix as it moves down the template. What type of enzymatic activity does this mean RNA polymerase must possess? Polymerase activity
question
Transcription of structural genes requires DNA sequences that are not part of the gene itself
answer
Which of the following statements about structural gene is TRUE?
question
The triphosphate is a high energy molecule so that polymerization is spontaneous
answer
Why are nucleotide triphosphates used to polymerize RNA?
question
False
answer
The terminator of a gene is located upstream of the coding region. TRUE or FALSE
question
they are essential for transcription and they cannot increase the rate of transcription by themselves
answer
Which of the following statement(s) about basal transcription factors is(are) TRUE?
question
upstream from the transcription start site.
answer
The assembly of transcription factors begins
question
Basal transcription factors won't bind to the template DNA, so RNA polymerase will not bind to the template DNA, so transcription will not occur
answer
A large region of a promoter has been deleted upstream of a gene. What effect will this have on transcription of the gene?
question
Activators and repressors will not be able to properly effect the rate of transcription
answer
If a protein in the coactivator complex does not function properly, what would be a consequence?
question
They give the cell tight control over transcription
answer
Evaluate the statements below and determine which is the best reason for why eukaryotes use basal transcription factors?
question
True
answer
Eukaryotic transcription factors include activators and coactivators. True or False
question
termination
answer
The Rho protein is involved in the _____ stage of transcription
question
it recognizes the promoter region
answer
Which of the following is correct regarding sigma factor?
question
formation of a holoenzyme
answer
Which of the following occurs first in transcription?
question
RNA polymerase would not bind to the template DNA
answer
What would happen if the sigma factor didn't bind to the RNA polymerase?
question
The RNA polymerase would not dissociate from the RNA and the template DNA
answer
If the rho protein did not bind to the RNA, what might be the consequence?
question
It would prevent termination of RNA transcription, causing mRNA transcripts to be abnormally long.
answer
Bicyclomycin is an antibiotic that is effective against many gram negative bacteria. It works by inhibiting Rho. What direct effect would this have on a bacteria?
question
two exons
answer
Splicing joins together
question
snurps.
answer
The snRNPs are also called
question
2, 1, 3
answer
Arrange the following in the proper sequence in which they occur during RNA splicing. 1. Lariat is formed 2. U2 binds to branch site 3. 3' splice site is cut
question
5' ...CCGAGGUACGAUUUGAGUCGGCUACAGUAUUGA.... 3'
answer
Study the RNA sequence below and determine where the boundaries of an intron could be. Select the answer that includes the entire intron in red.
question
If there is a mutation in the 3' or 5' splice site, the snurp won't recognize it, and it will not be removed from the mRNA
answer
Introns are generally considered 'free to mutate,' meaning that if a mutation occurs within the intron, it will not effect the functional protein. What is an exception to this axiom?
question
5' and 3' ends of the intron
answer
Which of the following do snRNPs bind to?
question
all of these choices are true
answer
Which of the following statements about RNA splicing is FALSE?
question
proteins from mRNA.
answer
Translation is the synthesis of
question
the tRNA that was in the P site moves into the E site
answer
Which of the following occurs as the ribosome shifts down the mRNA by a distance of three nucleotides?
question
A
answer
Translation is terminated when a stop codon is presented at the ________ site.
question
The formation of a bond between the peptide in the P site and the amino acid in the A site
answer
The formation of a bond between the peptide in the P site and the amino acid in the A site
question
The genetic code is redundant, so that mutations in the third position of the codon often result in the same amino acid being specified.
answer
A mutation occurred in the third codon position of a gene, but the protein still functions normally. How is this possible?
question
RNA synthesis makes a complementary copy of the DNA using nucleic acid and protein synthesis requires the information in the RNA to be changed into a different type of molecule
answer
Why is RNA synthesis called 'transcription' and protein synthesis called 'translation?'
question
a cap is added to their 5' end, a poly-A tail is added to their 3' end, and each usually specifies only a single protein
answer
Which of the following statements about eukaryotic mRNA is TRUE?
question
two exons.
answer
Splicing joins together
question
translation of protein
answer
Which of these events occur as a prokaryotic mRNA is being transcribed?
question
Prokaryotes don't need to transport their RNA out of the nucleus, so they don't need these features
answer
Why do eukaryotes require a 5' cap and a poly-A tail but prokaryotes don't?
question
They should remove the introns
answer
What changes would a scientist want to make to a eukaryotic gene before they insert it into a bacterial chromosome to be expressed?
question
mRNA
answer
Which of the following is not involved in the initiation of translation?
question
mRNA
answer
The Shine-Dalgarno sequence is found on the ________.
question
To facilitate the binding of the mRNA, and the initiator tRNA to the ribosome
answer
Why is GTP used during the initiation of translation?
question
Methionine
answer
All nascent proteins being with what amino acid?
question
The mRNA would not bind to the small ribosomal subunit in the proper location
answer
If the Shine-Delgarno sequence was mutated, what might be a consequence?
question
EF-Tu
answer
During translation elongation, amino acids are brought to the ribosome with the help of
question
the tRNA that was in the P site moves into the E site
answer
Which of the following occurs as a result of translocation?
question
It catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds and It is present in the 50S ribosomal subunits.
answer
Which of the following statements about peptidyl transferase is TRUE?
question
Only a tRNA with an anticodon that is complementary to the codon will bind in the A-site
answer
How does the ribosome recognize the proper tRNA to bind?
question
It aids in the binding of the incoming tRNA to the A site of the ribosome AND It aids in translocating the ribosome one codon down the mRNA
answer
How is GTP used during elongation?
question
A site.
answer
Translation is terminated when a stop codon is presented at the
question
release factor
answer
The protein that promotes translation termination is called
question
No tRNA can recognize a stop codon. It is recognized by a release factor protein.
answer
Which of the following statements about termination is TRUE?
question
The early stop codon will cause termination to occur earlier, and the protein will be abnormally short.
answer
A single point mutation has occurred in a gene causing a stop codon to appear early in the translation of the protein. What effect will this have on the protein?
question
Free carboxylic acid group
answer
Which part of the protein is formed during termination?
question
P site
answer
The initiating transfer RNA, carrying formylmethionine, binds to which site?
question
peptide bonds.
answer
The amino acids carried by the transfer RNA are joined by
question
False
answer
The three base sequence on the transfer RNA is the codon. True or False
question
The tRNA would carry the worng amino acid, and it would be incorporated into the growing protein
answer
If an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase added the wrong amino acid to a tRNA, what would happen?
question
It carries a modified amino acid
answer
What is unusual about the initiator tRNA?
question
A
answer
New amino acids (other than the initial f-Met) enter at which site?
question
transfer RNA is released
answer
At the E site
question
transfer RNA is released
answer
At the E site
question
It carries a modified amino acid
answer
What is unusual about the initiator tRNA?
question
The formation of a bond between the peptide in the P site and the amino acid in the A site
answer
What stimulates the ribosome to move down one codon?
question
The tRNA would carry the worng amino acid, and it would be incorporated into the growing protein
answer
If an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase added the wrong amino acid to a tRNA, what would happen?
question
mRNA
answer
The molecule that contains the genetic information for the production of a structural gene.
question
Transcripton
answer
The synthesis of an RNA copy of a gene
question
Translation
answer
The synthesis of a specific sequence of amino acids on a ribosome.
question
DNA
answer
A molecule found in the nucleus of cell that contains the cell's genome
question
Polypeptide
answer
A molecule made of amino acids that correspond to the genetic information in a structural gene
question
mRNA interacts with ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
answer
During the process of translation in a eukaryote
question
Rna Polymerease binds to promoter>DNA is unwound, RNA is synthesized in the 5'->3' >RNA polymerase reaches the > The new mRNA is released.
answer
List events of transcription
question
RNA polymerase 1 and 2
answer
tRNAs and rRNAs transcribes what genes?
question
RNA polymerase 2
answer
protein coding transcribes what gene(s)
question
a particular amino acid can be specified by more than one codon.
answer
The genetic code is degenerate. That means
question
61/3
answer
The genetic code consists of ____ codons that specify amino acids, and ____ codons that do not specify amino acids.
question
all newly-made polypeptides have a methionine at their amino end.
answer
There is only one start codon, AUG. This means that
question
tRNA
answer
Structural RNA that lnks an amino acid to an antcodon
question
mRNA & Genes
answer
Contains information to be translated (as codons)
question
Ribosomal RNA & Ribosomal protein
answer
Forms part of the enzyme that drives translation
question
the nucleus, where the chromosomal DNA is found
answer
In eukaryotes, transcription to produce an mRNA must occur in
question
3'-GAU-5'
answer
A 5'-CUA-3' codon in an mRNA could be recognized by which of the following anticodon sequences in a tRNA?
question
specific tRNAs become attached to specific amino acids.
answer
The reason that the genetic code can correctly specify the order of amino acids in a polypeptide is
question
they are all transcribed from DNA
answer
A characteristic shared by eukaryotic mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomal RNA is that...
question
in eukaryotes, there are different RNA polymerases (I, II, and III).
answer
A difference between bacterial and eukaryotic transcription
question
modifications to the 5' end of mRNA help it to bind to ribosomes only in eukaryotes
answer
A difference between bacterial and eukaryotic translation is
question
a ribosome recognition sequence is added
answer
Which of the following does not occur during the processing of eukaryotic mRNA?
question
Removal of exons
answer
RNA processing does NOT involve which of the following?
question
A single base has been changed
answer
What is the difference in the DNA sequence of the normal individual and that of the individual with sickle cell anemia?
question
A single amino acid has been changed
answer
What is the difference in the amino acid sequence (and therefore the protein) of the normal individual and that of the individual with sickle cell anemia?
question
Glutamic acid has switched to aspartic acid
answer
Look at the sequence of DNA in the normal and diseased individual. Using the Genetic Code, determine which amino acid has replaced which?
question
Glutamic acid is acidic and polar, valine in nonpolar
answer
Using Table 3.14, characterize the amino acids that have been substituted in the normal and mutant proteins, glutamic acid to valine.
question
A single point mutation in the DNA sequence leads to a change in the protein structure, which leads to a change in the protein's function and causes sickle cell anemia
answer
Which of the following statements below is TRUE?
question
A complex disease like sickle cell anemia is due to the substitution of a single amino acid in a single protein
answer
Which of the following statements below is TRUE?
