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Physical health is not just a biological functioning...

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-also a psychological functioning -involves both individual behaviors, lifestyles and societal system

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Growing realization that women's health and healthcare are linked to adversities in

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1. Assessment 2.Treatment/Access 3. Lack of research

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Assessment

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-inequalities in assessment

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Treatment/Access

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-inequalities in the treatment and access to care

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Lack of Research

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-on health topics relevant to women in general and to ethnic minority women in particular

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As a result of above adversities in assessment, treatment/access, and lack of research

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-gender sensitive health has been increasingly moving to mainstream of health policy

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Health services is a _________ to many elements of women's health

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newness

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In health services only two decades ago

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little was known about many aspects of women's health

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Women were and are routinely _____________ from large studies that research risk factors and potential treatments for various diseases

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excluded

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What finally led to researchers including women in their studies...

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-the growing recognition/awareness that women have a number of poorly understood health problems -diseases sometimes effect women differently sometimes radically

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Mandate by the Office of Research on Women's Health, and the National Institutes of Health...

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-inclusion of women in federally funded research

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Although more women are being studied, many medical studies still exclude them...

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-men tend to the leading focus of research on the leading cause of death, though among men and women is heart disease -only a few include older women

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who are underrepresented in the research of the leading causes of 3 leading cancer deaths -lung cancer, breast cancer and colon cancer

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-women -older people -ethnic minorities

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Other health issues of ethnic minority women and poor rural women ____________ been sufficiently explored

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have not

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t/f Many medical researchers often ignore the requirement that they analyze their data to see if women and men respond differently to a given treatment

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true

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Women are still underrepresented in studies to establish standard doses of new medication... serious omission that can have very serious consequences

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-using the male body-weight as standard is bad for women (esp older) who may have adverse effects from unnecessarily high drug doses

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Gender differences still exist within the healthcare delivery system...

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-leads to a difference in the way men and women interact with health professions as well as the care that men and women receive

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What is well documented in the physician-patient interaction

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sexism

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Feminist analyses describe the interaction between female patients and male physicians as _____________, with women patients treated as ______________.

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a. paternalistic b.subordinates

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Male physicians frequently trivialize women's experiences by

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-interrupting female patients -making jokes in response to women's concern

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Male physicians may belittle women's health complaints by...

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-attributing them to psychosomatic factors eg. women's pain report are taken less seriously than men's, they receive less aggressive treatment

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Women's pain reports are more likely to be dismissed as...

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-emotional as if it is not real -this is a stereotype that accounts for the fact that the women are consistently receiving more prescription tranquilizers, anti-anxiety and antidepressants

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Sexist views of women are perpetuated in medical journal advertisements and medical textbooks...

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-anatomy and physical diagnosis have considerably fewer illustrations of women than men

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Oftentimes when women are included in cardiovascular drug ads in medical journals...

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-80% of cardiovascular drug ads feature men though heart disease is the number one killer of men and women -When women are included-they tend to be younger than avg of women with heart disease -they are predominantly white even though blacks have a 72% high rates of heart disease

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Most physicians depicted in medical ads are...

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white males and the patients are white women

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Females patients' nudity is

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much more likely to be shown nude or proactively dressed (ads in medical journals)

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A nationwide survey of women's health (Commission on Women's Health, 2003) found...

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-women are 2x more likely as men to report negative feelings of patient physician relationship -.25% in woman compared to 1/8 men said they were talked down to -17% women compared to 7% men have been told their medical condition was "all in their head"

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Female physicians are more likely to...

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-establish interpersonal repor with patient and provide patient with information and preventive service -they tend to spend more time with patients and treat them as people

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Women with heart disease risk factors and patients with diabetes...

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tend to receive higher quality care from female physicians than from male physicians

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Patients of female physicians...

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-report a greater willingness to reveal personal problem(abuse) either male or female patient

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Both men and women patients

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express more satisfaction with women physicians

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When one looks at medical conditions that affect both men and women...

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-women often receive less adequate care even if the severity is the same for both genders

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Women not as likely as men to receive...

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kidney dialysis, kidney transplant and knee replacement surgery

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Biases exist even in childhood...

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girls who grow slowly referred half as often to specialists that slow growing boys are -slow growth=underlying disease

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Ageism presents ________________ with a double whammy!

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older women

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older women and ageism Emphasizing their dependence...

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-when health care emphasizes the dependence they enforce her perception of low self-efficacy--> this decreases active healthcare behaviors

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older women Less likely than young women to receive...

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-pap smears -mamographs -test for colon cancer

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++older women Her chronic ailment is often attributed to...

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-natural aging therefore the physicians are less apt to treat her for these conditions

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Women of color are _______likely than White women to be poor and uninsured.

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more

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Latinas/Native A Americans uninsurance rate...

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-latinas have the highest rate of any group of women, followed by native americans

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______________is often a barrier to seeking preventive healthcare. Therefore, women of color and poor women are less likely to get the medical care they need!

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-lack of insurance

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In particular many women of color_______ __________to preventive healthcare services (could cause meant to treat or it will be to late)

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lack of access

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Immigrant women often contend with

answer

language barriers

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What may cause women of color to visit doc less frequently?

answer

experiences with prejudice or culturally inappropriate healthcare

question

The number of poor ethnic minority women who are receiving pap smears, mamographs and colon tests has ______

answer

increased

question

Bad news for women of color: Even when their insurance and income are the same, racial and ethnic minorities in the United States often receive healthcare of _______quality than Whites.

answer

lower

question

White women use prescription medications at a higher level than women of color. One possible reason for this is that ethnic minority women may be more likely to encounter difficulties procuring and using medications. How specifically?

answer

language differences and cultural differences in the perception of illness can make communicating with the doctor is problematic therefore resluts in difficulties following prescription regiment

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t/f 20% of women in the U.S have some level of disablities

answer

true

question

who has the highest incidence of severe mental illness?

answer

black women followed by white women then latinas

question

Women with disabilities are faced with several barriers to health such as... issues:

answer

-limited information -physical inaccessibility to medical office and equipment -lack of transportation -discrimination by healthcare : providers may focus on disability not basic routine healthcare needs

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Women with disabilities are ________ likely than other women to be poor , which further limits access to needed medical care!

answer

a. more

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Sexual Minority Women May be at increased risk for certain health problems because of certain lifestyle factors...

answer

ex. lesbian and bisexual women may face heightened risk of breast or ovarian cancer b/c: lesbian or bi women are less likely than heterosexual women to experience hormonal changes associated with pregnancy also b/c they are likely to smoke and consume alcohol

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Social stigma attached to homosexuality...

answer

contributes to increased health risk for lesbians by reducing access to healthcare

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t/f Many avoid going to the doctor for routine checkups...especially gynecological exams...because they feel uncomfortable talking about issues that may reveal their sexual orientation and consequently elicit negative reactions from the physician!

answer

true

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Less likely to have health insurance because same-sex partners...

answer

-often can not share spousal benefits

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At least ______in_______ teenage girls and nearly half of African American teenage girls are infected with STIs

answer

one in four

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STIs are more _________transmitted to women than to men and are more difficult to diagnose in women.

answer

easily

question

Factors that enhance a woman's risk for contracting STIs...

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-being under 25 -using condoms inconsistently -being sexually active at an early age -having sex frequently and with multiple partnerrs

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Why is STIs in lesbian and bisexual women fairly low?

answer

-the risk of women-women sexual transmission of STIs is small

question

Common cancers of the female reproductive system

answer

1.Uterine/Endometrial Cancer 2. Ovarian Cancer 3. Cancer of Cervix

question

endometrial/Uterine Cancer

answer

-the most common female reproductive system

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Uterinie cancer risk factors

answer

-estrogen replacement therapy without progestin -obesity -early menarche -late menopause -never had kids

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Uterine cancer is more common in

answer

white women than black women

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who will most likely die from uterine/endometrial cancer?

answer

black women

question

T/f most cases are dected early is uterine cancer therefore is one of the most curable caners of the reproductive system

answer

true

question

Ovarian Cancer is the _______________

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deadliest of the 3 common cancers

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Ovarian cancer is a major killer of women...

answer

it causes more death than any other cancer of the female reproductive cancer

question

Silent killer

answer

ovarian cancer b/c symptoms do not appear until cancer is in its advance stage

question

ovarian cancer risk factor

answer

-having immediate family member with ovarian, breast, and colon cancer -early menarche -late menopause -using hormone replacement therapy

question

Ovarian Cancer preventive factors...

answer

-baring children -breast feeding -birth control pills -eating a low fat diet

question

What are the early symptoms of ovarian cancer?

answer

-bloating -pelvic or abdominal pain -difficulty eating or feeling full quickly -frequent or urgent urination greater than a few weeks see a doctor

question

Ovarian screening procedures...

answer

recent procedure involves blood test that uses CA125 tumor marker and trans-vaginal ultra sound

question

Cervical Cancer

answer

very curwble if dected eaarly

question

who has a higher death rates from cervical cancer

answer

black/latinas and native american women b/c of limited access to medical care

question

Factors that increase the risk of cervical cancer...

answer

-smoking -early age of first intercourse -multiple sexual partners -extended use of oral contraceptives -infection with HPV

question

Preventive procedure for cervical cancer: pap smear

answer

-inexpensive and effective test used to identify pre-cancerous changes in the cervix

question

Pap Smear In the U.S. of the women who developed cervical cancer, ____ percent of them had not had a pap smear

answer

60

question

Effectiveness of pap smear

answer

slashed cervical cancer deaths by 50% in the last 30-40 years

question

Recommendation for Pap Smear

answer

at the age of 21 regardless of her sexual activity before if normal do it every two years at age 30 if normal every 3 years

question

Recommendation for pelvic exam

answer

every year

question

Heart Disease

answer

the leading cause of death for both men and women around the world

question

t/f More women in the USA die of heart disease than from all forms of cancer combined, including breast cancer

answer

true

question

Awareness as top killer...compared to awareness of risk factors...

answer

although awareness of heart disease being the leading killer of women has grown since 1990s -the awareness of risk factors has remained law: especially the case for women under 35 and ethnic minority women

question

Gender Differences - heart disease in women becomes apparent about

answer

10 years later than it would for men

question

women after menopause

answer

have illness and death from heart disease increases dramatically -partly due to decrease in estrogen

question

t/f women at the age of 70 are more likely to have heart attack than man her age

answer

true

question

Women is ______likely to die after heart attack than men

answer

more

question

t/f women receives diagnosis when she is older than man

answer

true

question

t/f a woman is more likely to have second heart attack than a man

answer

true

question

poorer prognosis for heart diseases

answer

b/c women are older than men when they develop heart disease so they dont catch it in time

question

a women more likely to die after treatment for heart disease than men

answer

even the case when they are equally old and ill

question

Breast cancer

answer

the most feared disease above others including heart disease

question

number one cancer killer of women

answer

lung cancer

question

ratio of women that will develop breast cancer at some point in her life represents a lifetime risk

answer

1 in 8

question

Do most women who are diagnosed with breast cancer die from it?

answer

no! about 80% will not die

question

The death due to breast cancer is continuing to drop b/c...

answer

-early detection -improved treatments -decrease in the use of treatments to treat menopause

question

Lung Cancer

answer

leading cause of cancer deaths in women kills more women than breast, uterine and ovarian cancers combined

question

Opposite trend of men...

answer

fewer men have been dying from lung cancer

question

Lung Cancer: Began to increase in the mid-twentieth century. This increase is most likely linked to women's increased cigarette smoking during these years because...

answer

cigarette smoking is responsible for more than 80% lung cancer deaths

question

other risk factors for l.c

answer

-exposure to 2nd hand smoke -aspistos -radon

question

Develops differently in women and men...

answer

-with women they are at a greater risk of developing lung cancer without a history of smoking -develop cancer at a younger age -believes she got this disease b/c of higher levels of estrogen

Ch 11 Women and Physical Health – Flashcards

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