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Increased complexity in the reasoning skills of college students, new experiences, stimulated to reach a higher level of integrating various dimensions of their identity.

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Why do researchers believe the most important changes in identity happen during young adulthood rather than during adolescence?

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Females/Whites.

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Which group of U.S. adolescents has the lowest rate of juvenile criminal offenses?

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Identity confusion.

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According to Erik Erikson, adolescents who become withdrawn and isolated from their peers and family are suffering from______________ _____________.

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Identity vs Identity Confusion...?

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According to Erik Erikson, the adolescent identity crisis is:

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Marcia's term for adolescents who have not yet experienced a crisis (explored meaningful alternatives) or made any commitments.

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Identity Diffusion

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Term for adolescents who have made a commitment but have not experienced a crisis.

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Identity Foreclosure

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Term for adolescents who are in the midst of a crisis, nut their commitments are either absent or vaguely defined.

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Identity Moratorium

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Term for adolescents who have undergone a crisis and have made a commitment.

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Identity Achievement

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What is identity; Erikson's View; Developmental Changes Ethnic Identity.

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I. Identity:

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Searching for identity,changes in social context, transformation in relationships with family and peers in cultural context. Adolescence may develop socio-emotional problems such as delinquency and depression.

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Significant changes that characterize socio-emotional development in adolescence are:

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Self-portrait composed of many pieces; years of decision making begins to form the core of what the individual is all about as a human being. EX: career choice, political identity, spiritual beliefs, sexual identity, ethnic identity, body image, etc. Does not happen cataclysmically.

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IDENTITY:

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Vocational/career Political Religious Relationship

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Self-portrait composed of many pieces:

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Adolescents experiment with different roles and personalities Adolescents who cope with conflicting identities emerge with a new sense of self

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ERIKSON'S VIEW; Identity VS Identity Confusion (5th):

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Gap in between childhood security and adult autonomy.

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PSYCHOSOCIAL MORATORIUM:

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Identity diffusion, Identity foreclosure, Identity moratorium, Identity achievement.

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JAMES MARCIA'S FOUR STAGES OF IDENTITY:

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Key changes in identity likely to take place in emerging adulthood Identity does not remain stable throughout life "MAMA" - Repeated cycles of moratorium to achievement First identity should not be regarded as the final product.

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Developmental changes:

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Emerging adulthood, 18 to 25.

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Key changes in identity are more likely to take place during what period?

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Marcia's term for a period of identity development during which the adolescent is exploring alternatives.

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CRISIS:

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Marcia's term for the part of identity development in which adolescents show a personality investment in formulating an identity.

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COMMITMENT:

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Sense of membership in an ethnic group Attitudes and feelings related to that membership

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Ethnic Identity:

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ethnic stereotyping and discrimination as they interact with diverse contexts.

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Ethnic adolescents are more likely to experience:

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Identify in some ways with their ethnic group and in other ways with the majority culture

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Bicultural Identity:

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Parental management and monitoring Autonomy and attachment Parent-adolescent conflict

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II: FAMILIES:

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Supervising adolescents' choice of: Social settings Activities Friends Academic efforts

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Parental monitoring and information management:

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Adolescents are more likely to disclose information

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Effects of parents engaging in positive parenting practices:

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Parents must weigh needs for autonomy and control, independence and connection

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Autonomy and attachment:

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May puzzle and anger many parents Adolescents' ability to attain autonomy is acquired through appropriate adult reactions to their desire for control Boys are given more independence

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The push for autonomy:

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Boys are given more independence than girls. Latin parents protect and monitor their children more closet than that of non-Latino parents.

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Autonomy-granting Gender differences:

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appropriate adult reactions to their desire for control

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Adolescents' ability to attain autonomy is acquired through:

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Securely attached adolescents are less likely to have emotional difficulties and to engage in problem behaviors such as Juvenile delinquency and drug abuse

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Role of attachment

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exclusive relationships comfortable with intimacy in relationships increased financial dependance.

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Children securely attached at age 14 were more likely to report:

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Increases in early adolescence but does not reach the tumultuous proportions Remains somewhat stable during the high school years Lessens as the adolescent reaches 17 to 20 years of age

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Parent-adolescent conflict:

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Serves as a positive developmental function. Allows adolescents transition from being dependent on parents to becoming an autonomous individual. Parents can tone down hostility.

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Benefits of Parent-Adolescent Conflict:

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As adolescents mature they detach themselves from parents and move into a world of autonomy apart from parents

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Old Model:

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Parents serve as important attachment figures and support systems while adolescents explore a wider, more complex social world

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New model:

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moving out, juvenile delinquency, school dropout, pregnancy and early marriage, membership in cults, and drug abuse.

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Pro-longed Parent-adolescent conflict is associated with what adolescent problems?

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Friendships Peer groups Dating and romantic relationships

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III. Peers;

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friendships, peer group, and the beginning of romantic relationships.

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Changes occurring in Peer Relationships:

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a smaller number of friendships that are more intense and more intimate

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Most teens prefer:

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increasingly important in meeting social needs.

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Adolescent Friendship importance:

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Henry Stack Sullivan (1953);

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Most influential theorist to discuss the importance of adolescents friendships:

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Increases dramatically with friends, while declining in an equally dramatic fashion with parents.

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Sullivan's Developmental Changes in Self-Disclosing Conversations:

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Friends are important in shaping development of children and adolescents.

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In contrast to other psychoanalytic theorist who focused almost exclusively on parent-child relationships, Sullivan argued that:

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Tenderness (secure attachment) Playful Companionship Social Acceptance Intimacy Sexual Relations

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Social Needs:

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experienced loneliness and reduced sense of self worth.

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Failing to forge close relationship might lead to:

question

more positive romantic relationships at age 20 to 23.

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In a recent longitudinal study, having more secure relationships with close friends at age 16 was linked with:

question

Young Adolescents.

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Who is more likely to conform to peer pressure?

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Socially skilled, supportive, and oriented toward academic achievement.

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Developmental advantages occur when adolescence have friends that are:

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Lower rates of delinquency, substance abuse, risky sexual behavior, bullying, and victimization, and higher levels of academic achievement.

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Positive relationships in adolescence are associated with:

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Eighth and Ninth grades.

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Around what age does conformity to peers, especially to their antisocial standards, peak?

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U.S. Adolescents.

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Who is more likely to put pressure on their peers to resist parental influence?

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When they are unsure of their social identity and when they are in the presence of someone they perceive to have higher status than they do.

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When are adolescents more likely to conform to their peers?

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Small group that ranges from 2 to 12 individuals, averaging about 5 to 6 individuals Often consists of adolescents who engage in similar activities. Share ideas, hang out together.

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Cliques:

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A larger group structure than a clique, Less personal A crowd is usually formed based on reputation, and members may or may not spend much time together.

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Crowds:

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1) Age: 11-13; Entering into romantic attraction and affiliations. May or may not interact with the individual of who is the object of their infatuation, when dating occurs, it usually takes place in a group setting. 2) Age: 14-16; Exploring romantic relationships. Two types: (a) Casual Dating emerges individuals who are mutually attracted. Short lived, few months at best, usually no longer that a few weeks; (b) Dating in groups, a friend often acts as a third-party facilitator. 3) Age: 17-19; Consolidating dyadic romantic bonds. Toward end of high school years, more serious romantic relationships develop; sting emotional bonds closely resembling those in adult romantic relationships; typically last one years or more.

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Development changes in Dating and Romantic Relationships: (Three Stages):

question

Include 15-20 percent of 11-13 year olds who say they are currently are in a romantic relationship 35 percent who indicate that they have already had some prior experience in romantic relationships.

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"Early Bloomer":

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Comprise approximately 10 percent of 17-19 year olds who say that they have had no experience with romantic relationships 15 percent of who report that they have not engaged in any romantic relationship that lasted more than four months.

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"Late Blommers":

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Values, beliefs, and traditions dictate the age at which dating begins

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Sociocultural contexts and dating:

question

Latino and Asian Americans compared to the Anglo-Armerican culture.

answer

More conservative standards in dating:

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Linked with measures of how well-adjusted adolescents are

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Dating and adjustment:

question

the more likely they were to report high levels of social acceptance, friendship competence, and romantic competence. However, also linked to a higher level of substance abuse, delinquency, and sexual behavior.

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In a study of 200 Tenth-Graders revealed that the more romantic experiences they had had;

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Excessive discussion of problems with friends.

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Co-rumination:

question

Be involved in a romantic relationship, and together co-rummination and romantic involvement predicted an increase in depressive symptoms.

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In another study found that girls who engaged in co-rummination were more likely to:

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An increase in depressive symptoms, largely influenced by an increase in substances use.

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Girls having an older romantic partner was linked to:

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Cross-cultural comparisons Ethnicity The media

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IIII. Culture and Adolescent Development:

question

Traditions and changes in adolescence around the globe: Health Gender Family Peers

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Cross-cultural comparisons:

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Ceremony that marks an individual's transition from one status to another.

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Rites of passage:

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Japan, the Philippines, and Western countries.

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Males typically have far greater access to educational opportunities than females, except in a few regions such as:

question

India, Southeast Asia, Latin America, and Arab countires.

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Countries that exercise strict female sexual activity of adolescent females than males:

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Greater family mobility Migration to urban areas Family members working in distant cities or countries Smaller families Fewer extended-family households And increases in mothers' employment. Many of theses changes may reduce the ability of families to spend time with their adolescents.

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Many current FAMILY trends in countries around world include:

question

Western nations: Peers figure prominently in adolescents' lives, in some cases taking on roles that are otherwise assumed by parents South America: Serves a surrogate family that supports survival in dangerous and stressful settings. Arab countries: Peer relationship are restricted, especially for girls.

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Peers in different cultures:

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Here we further examine immigration and the relationship between ethnicity and socioeconomic status.

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Ethnicity:

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High rates of immigration

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Contributing factor to the growth of ethnic minorities in the U.S.:

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Selecting characteristics of US culture and retaining aspects of of their culture of origin.

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Bicultural Orientation:

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Children and adolescents act as mediators for their immigrant parents.

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Brokering:

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High dropout rates Maintain a strong commitment to family Divorce rates lowe than that of non-Latino White families in same socioeconomic stays.

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Latinos:

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Interact in ways that exaggerate the influence of ethnicity because ethnic minority individuals are overrepresented in the lower socioeconomic levels of American society.

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Ethnicity and socioeconomic status:

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Double Disadvantage: Prejudice, discrimination, and bias Stressful effects of poverty.

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Ethnic minority adolescents experience:

question

Technology and digitally mediated communication E-mail, instant messaging, social networking sites: Facebook, chat rooms, video sharing and photo sharing, Multiplayer online computer games and virtual worlds

answer

The Media:

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1999: 2004: Only 18 percent of youth owned an iPod or MP3, 39 percent owned a cell phone. 2009: 76 percent owned iPods, 66 percent owned a cell phone, increased dramatically in the past decade, 8-11 year olds use media 5 hours and 29 minutes per day 11-14 year olds use media 8 hours and 40 minutes per day (60 HPW) 15-18 year olds us 7 hours and 58 minutes per day (56 HPW)

answer

Kaiser Family Foundation national surveys: U.S. Adolescent Media Use:

question

Juvenile delinquency Depression and suicide The interrelation of problems and successful prevention/intervention programs

answer

IV: Adolescent Problems

question

adolescents whose development has restricted then from acceptable social roles, or made them feel they they cannot measure up to the demands placed on them, may choose a negative identity. An attempt to establish an identity, even if its a negative one.

answer

What does Erikson explain as the cause for juvenile delinquency:

question

Adolescent who breaks the law or engages in behavior that is considered illegal

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Juvenile delinquent:

question

Lower class culture Parents less skilled in discouraging antisocial behavior Siblings and delinquent peers

answer

Causes of delinquency:

question

Males more likely to engage in delinquency than females (caseloads involving females increased form 19 percent to 27 percent in 2005) Rates among minority groups and lower-SES youth are especially high

answer

Delinquency Rates:

question

Twice.

answer

A recent study found that youth whose families had experienced poverty were more than ______ as likely to be a delinquent at age 14 and 21.

question

early parental monitoring in adolescence and ongoing parental support were linked to to lower incidence of criminal behavior in emerging adulthood.

answer

Characteristics of family support system that are associated with delinquency:

question

Family Treatment.

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Only program linked to a reduction in recidivism for juvenile offenders;

question

15-20 percent for ever experiencing a major depressive disorder in adolescence.

answer

Depression rates:

question

Twice Girls tend to ruminate in their depressed mood and amplify it Females self image and body image are more negative that males Females face more discrimination than males do And the onset of earlier puberty.

answer

Girls have a rate of depression that is _____ that of boys because______.

question

Genes Certain family factors Poor peer relationships

answer

Factors contributing to depression:

question

Male adolescents and emerging adults experienced more stress than their female counterparts.

answer

Recent study of 17,000 Chinese 11-22 year olds revealed:

question

Depressive symptoms in adolescence.

answer

Certain dopamine related genes are related to

question

Depressed parent Emotionally unavailable parents Parents with high marital conflict Parents with financial issues.

answer

Family factors that place adolescents at rick for developing depression:

question

Adolescent depression.

answer

Mother-adolescent co-rumination, especially when focused on their mothers problems were linked to:

question

Suicide is the 3rd leading cause of death in 10- to 19-year-olds Adolescents contemplate or attempt it unsuccessfully than actually commit it

answer

Suicide:

question

Females are more likely to attempt suicide But males are more likely to succeed

answer

Who is more likely to attempt suicide:

question

Family Support, peer support, and community connectedness.

answer

Another study revealed that _________________ was linked to a lower risk of suicidal tendencies in African Americans.

question

Drug abuse Juvenile delinquency Sexual problems School-related problems

answer

Four problems that affect the most adolescents:

question

Early sexual activity.

answer

Heavy substance abuse in linked to:

question

Ten

answer

____ percent of adolescents in the US has engaged in all four of these problem behaviors:

question

Intensive individualized attention Community-wide multiagency collaborative approaches Early identification and intervention

answer

Successful intervention programs include:

question

1990: 15 percent Recently: 20 percent

answer

______ percent of adolescents in the US has engaged in 3-4 of these behaviors:

question

Enrichment program by David Weikart: students less likely to be arrested and reported fewer adult offenses. Also less likely to drop out of high school, teachers rated their social behavior as more competent than those who had not received enriched preschool experience.

answer

Perry Preschool students:

CH 10; Socioemotional Development in Adolescence – Flashcards

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