Ch.1 – Cell Biology and Biochemistry – Flashcards
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life functions
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Certain activities that are performed by all living things. (everything that living things do: eating, breathing, growing, having babies)
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coordination
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Different parts of the body work together to accomplish life functions.
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nutrition
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Process that provides all the substances that are used by an organism for the growth, repair, and functioning of its tissues. (eating and using the food in the body)
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tissue
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A group of cells in an organism that have similar structure and function.
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digestion
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processing food for use by the organism
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circulation
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distribution of materials to all the cells of an organism
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cellular respiration
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process that breaks down food to make ATP and release carbon dioxide as waste
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glucose
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simple sugar that is used to make ATP through cellular respiration
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ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
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molecule that stores the useable energy created during cellular respiration
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molecules
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Combinations of two or more atoms.
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synthesis
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Combining of small molecules or substances into larger, more complex ones
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excretion
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elimination of wastes from the body (urine, carbon dioxide, sweat)
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carbon dioxide
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gas that is used in photosynthesis and a waste product of cellular respiration
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reproduction
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Formation of new cells or a new individual
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species
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two organisms that are so similar they can interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring (two animals similar enough to have babies)
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metabolism
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Chemical reactions in living organisms that are necessary to maintain life
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homeostasis
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organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment (they maintain a constant heat, amount of water, etc)
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ingestion
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obtaining food from the environment
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growth
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an increase in size
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cells
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Basic structural and functional unit of organisms (all living things are made of cells)
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prokaryote
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Cell without a nucleus or membrane bound organelles. Ex. bacteria
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eukaryote
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cell with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
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cell theory
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all living things are made of cells. All cells come from other cells
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synthesize
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the making of compounds that are essential to life
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organelles
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"little organs". structures within a cell that perform a specific job
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cell membrane
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The skin of the cell that separates the inside from the outside. It is a selectively permeable membrane. It controls what can go in and what can go out.
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selective permeability
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the ability of a cell membrane to determine which molecules can go through it. Some things can go into the cell, some cannot.
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diffusion
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movement from areas of greater concentration to lesser concentration.
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cytoplasm
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the fluid that fills the space between the cell membrane and the nucleus.
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nucleus
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A membrane-bound organelle in a eukaryotic cell that stores the DNA
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ribosomes
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organelles that produce proteins
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endoplasmic reticulum
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An organelle. It makes the cell membrane.
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mitochondria
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organelle where aerobic cellular respiration makes ATP. Provides the cell with energy
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vacuoles
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organelles that store things. They are like little bubbles that hold food and wastes
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chloroplasts
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organelles in plants and algae that have chlorophyll in them and do photosynthesis
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cell wall
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strong walls (located outside of cell membrane) that provides strength to cells.
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Golgi apparatus
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organelle that is involved in releasing finished products into the cytoplasm or outside of the cell
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lysosomes
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break down large molecules into smaller molecules.
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cytoskeleton
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like a little skeleton that helps maintain the cell's shape
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cilia
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Little hairs that work like legs. They help the cell move
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flagella
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a long hair that cell uses to move
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element
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a substance that cannot chemically be broken down into simpler substances
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carbon
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one of the six most important chemical elements for living things; carbon is used in almost all all organic compounds
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hydrogen
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one of the six most important chemical elements for living things
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oxygen
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one of the six most important chemical elements for living things; released as a result of photosynthesis; essential to cellular respiration
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nitrogen
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one of the six most important chemical elements for living things
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atoms
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smallest particles that have the characteristics of their particular element
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compound
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formed when two or more elements combine chemically
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inorganic compounds
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compounds that do not contain both carbon and hydrogen atoms
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organic compounds
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compounds that contain both carbon and hydrogen atoms
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carbohydrates
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a group of organic compounds (includes simple sugars and starch), made up of hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon. Used for energy and storage
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simple sugars
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the simplest carbohydrates. Example: glucose, galactose, and fructose
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starch
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a complex carbohydrate used for energy storage in plants
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proteins
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organic compounds that are made up of chains of amino acids. Proteins are used to make basically everything inside the body
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amino acids
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compounds found in living cells that contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen, and join together to form proteins.
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monosaccharides
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simple sugars
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disaccharides
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two monosaccharides stuck together
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polysaccharides
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complex carbohydrates made up of many (more than two) monosaccharide molecules
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lipids
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organic compounds that store energy for long-term use. Ex. fats, oils, and waxes
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nucleic acids
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organic compounds that include DNA and RNA
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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
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contains all of the organism's genetic information
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replication
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making exact copies of complex molecules, such as DNA. It occurs during the growth phase of living organisms
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enzymes
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proteins that speed up chemical reactions in living things
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catalysts
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substances that speed up chemical reaction, but are not changed during the reaction
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pH
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how acidic something is
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plasma membrane
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separates the inside and outside of a cell
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Organisms
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all living things
