cell division -cancer-mitosis – Flashcards
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the process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells
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cell division
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1. DNA overload 2. Too difficult to exchange materials
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why cells divide
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inside volume increases faster than the outside surface area
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as a cell gets larger...
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a reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent
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asexual reproduction
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a form of asexual reproduction in which one cell divides to form two identical cells; reproduction in prokaryotes
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binary fission
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in eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell; division of the nucleus
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mitosis
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The final stage of the cell cycle, in which the cell's cytoplasm divides, distributing the organelles into each of the two new cells
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. cytokinesis
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growth, repair, cancer
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mitosis in multicellular organisms
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proteins that regulate the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells
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cyclins
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granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins
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chromatin
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condensed threads of genetic material formed from chromatin as a cell prepares to divide
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chromosome
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one of two identical sister parts of a duplicated chromosome; chromosome "kid"
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chromatid
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series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
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cell cycle
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One of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope; play a role in cell division
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centrioles
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special microtubules used in mitosis; connect to chromosomes at the centromere and move the chromosomes around
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spindle fibers
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disk containing cell wall material that develops in plant cells during cytokinesis, eventually dividing the cell into two daughter cells
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cell plate
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any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division
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cancer
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the most common cancer in the US; primary cause is exposure to UVA and UVB rays from the sun
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skin cancer
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the most deadly cancer in the US
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lung cancer
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any change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information
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mutation
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any agent (physical or environmental) that can cause a genetic mutation or can increase the rate of mutation
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mutagen
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programmed cell death
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apotosis
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an abnormal new mass of tissue that serves no purpose
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tumor
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A mass of abnormal cells that remains at the site of origin; does not metatasize
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benign tumor
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an abnormal tissue mass that can spread into neighboring tissue and to other parts of the body; a cancerous tumor
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malignant tumor
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Secondary tumor growth outside the primary site of cancer
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metatasis
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surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and biological therapy
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methods of treating cancer
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Cell cycle
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The stages that take place between the time a eukaryotic cell divides and the time the daughter cells divide. (stages of growth, preparation, and division (Interphase and Mitosis)
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Cancer
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A malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal, uncontrolled cell division.
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Interphase
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Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases. (Period of normal growth and maintenance. (3 stages)
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G1
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In interphase - cell grows rapidly, builds new organelles; also performs regular cell functions
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S phase
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The "synthesis" phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated. (doubles each chromosomes)
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G2
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Final preparation phase. Cell checks for DNA errors and begins to form centrosomes. (Prepares for Mitosis)
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Mitosis
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1 diploid parent cell splits into 2 identical diploid daughter cells.
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In order to grow, why do cells divide to make more cells instead of just getting bigger? Reason # 1
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Large cells would have to wait too long to diffuse nutrients in and waste out.
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In order to grow, why do cells divide to make more cells instead of just getting bigger? Reason # 2
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One set of DNA can't make enough proteins and enzymes fast enough for a large cell.
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In order to grow, why do cells divide to make more cells instead of just getting bigger? Reason # 3
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The volume of a cell increases a lot faster than the membrane. Too much volume for the surface area and the cell membrane will burst.
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Prophase
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Nucleolus has disappeared, and duplicated chromosomes are visible. Centrosomes begin moving apart, and spindle is in process of forming.
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Prophase
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-the chromosomes coil up and become visible while the nuclear envelope disappears. -Sister chromatids are present. A centriole forms at each pole and spindle fibers made of microtubules grow out of it. -Short microtubules stick out from the centriole in a star shape known as an aster.
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Prometaphase
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-Early in metaphase -spindle fibers attach to each chromatid using the kinetochore.
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Metaphase
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Centromeres of duplicated chromosomes are aligned at plate. Fully formed spindle attach to the sister chromatids from opposite poles
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Metaphase
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Second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
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Anaphase
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Third phase of mitosis in which sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell
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Anaphase
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-The kinetochores "reel in" or "gobble up" the spindle fibers -This pulls the sister chromatids apart by splitting their centromere. The split chromatids are pulled towards opposite poles of the cell
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Telophase
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The fourth and final stage of mitosis, in which nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun.
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Telophase
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-Chromosomes become indistinct -Daughter cells are forming -Once the chromatids have reached the opposite sides the spindle fibers disappear -The chromosomes unravel -nuclear envelope reappears on the two new nuclei
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Cytokinesis
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the cytoplasm forms a cleavage furrow at the equator to split the cytoplasm. (in plants a cell plate forms at the equator.)
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Chromatids
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Bodies of tightly coiled chromatin; visible during cell division. Two chromatids bound at a centromere make a CHROMOSOME.
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Spindle fibers
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Special strands of microtubules which grow out of the centrioles, connect to chromosomes at the centromeres, and pull them apart during (anaphase) of mitosis.
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Chromosomes
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DNA that is coiled together and condensed into small packages (like DNA suitcases) (each has 23 from mom, 23 from dad). Consists of 2 "sister" chromatids bound at a centromere.
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Chromatin
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unpackaged unwound DNA in the nucleus of a cell
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Diploid
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a cell with 2 sets of chromosomes, one from one parent and one set from the other parent. (somatic cells..."soma" means "body")
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Karyotype
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-A micrograph (microscope photograph) of the chromosomes of a human -First 22 pairs are called autosomes. -Last pair are the sex chromosomes (x and y)
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Centromere
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holds sister chromatids together.
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Cell cycle consists of these three phases
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Interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis.
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Phase of cell cycle that is much longer than the other three.
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Interphase--cell growth and development, duplicating DNA and organelles to get ready for division.
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Part of cell cycle that is the shortest, after mitosis is complete.
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Cytokinesis
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Occurs after telophase (after mitosis is complete) to complete the cell cycle.
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cytokinesis.
