question

Human conduct that is in violation of the criminal laws of a state, the federal government, or a local jurisdiction that has the power to make such laws" is a definition of

answer

crime

question

The legalistic approach would suggest that crime is socially relative in the sense that is created by

answer

legislative activity.

question

The concept that crime is defined in terms of the power structures that exist in society exemplifies the __________ perspective.

answer

political

question

The belief that crime is an antisocial act of such a nature that repression is necessary to preserve the existing system of society is the basis of the __________ perspective on crime.

answer

sociological

question

The psychological perspective sees crime primarily as

answer

problem behavior

question

Because you were late for this exam, you exceeded the speed limit by about 10 to 15 miles per hour while driving to class. This is an example of behavior that is

answer

criminal but not deviant.

question

The medical marijuana debate is an example of the __________ perspective.

answer

pluralistic

question

One who studies crime, criminals, and criminal behavior is called a

answer

criminologists

question

According to a recent Gallup poll, which of the following social problems was of greater concern than crime?

answer

terrorism

question

The field of study that is concerned primarily with the causes and consequences of crime is

answer

criminology

question

The social problems perspective holds that crime is

answer

a manifestation of underlying social problems.

question

Which of the following crime reduction or prevention strategies is most characteristic of the social problems perspective?

answer

A government-funded initiative to enhance educational opportunities among low-income individuals

question

Which of the following is not a UCR Part I offense?

answer

fraud

question

UCR Part I offenses are subdivided into two categories:

answer

violent personal crimes and property crimes.

question

The proportion of reported or discovered crime within a given offense category which is solved by the police is known as the __________ rate.

answer

clearance

question

Hate crimes are most commonly committed by

answer

white males

question

According to the NCVS, members of which racial group experience the highest rates of violent victimization?

answer

African-Americans

question

According to the NCVS, members of _________ families are more likely to become victims of violent crime.

answer

lower income

question

Which of the following was not a possible cause of the increase in reported crime between the 1960s and the 1990s?

answer

The aging out of the baby-boomer generation

question

Official crime rates in the United States are __________; correctional populations are __________.

answer

decreasing; increasing

question

Premeditated murder is

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first-degree murder

question

Which of the following is the weapon of choice in most murders?

answer

a handgun

question

If you unlawfully enter a structure to commit a felony, you have probably committed the crime of

answer

burglary

question

__________ is defined as the use of standardized, systematic procedures in the search for knowledge.

answer

Research

question

The second stage of the research process is to

answer

develop a research design

question

__________ refer(s) to a researcher's ability to generalize research findings to other settings

answer

external validity

question

Which of the following is not a data-gathering strategy?

answer

Secondary analysis

question

The data-gathering technique that does not produce new data is

answer

secondary analysis.

question

__________ means that when the same conditions exist, the same results can be expected to follow.

answer

Replicability

question

Adding together all scores and dividing by the total number of observations yields the

answer

mean

question

A __________ correlation exists between sample size and the degree of confidence we can have in our results.

answer

positive

question

Techniques that produce measurable results which can be analyzed statistically are

answer

quantitative methods.

question

According to the UCR, the most common month for robbery is

answer

December

question

The principle of __________ means that research data are not shared outside the research environment.

answer

data confidentiality

question

In which of the following areas has research funded by the National Institute of Justice affected social policy?

answer

all of the above

question

Which of the following statements would probably not be made by an adherent of the Classical School?

answer

I believe that forces beyond a person's control can affect his or her choice of criminal or non-criminal behavior.

question

According to routine activities theory, which of the following is not necessary for a crime to occur?

answer

The presence of a defensible victim

question

Those who advocate __________see the primary utility of punishment as revenge.

answer

retribution

question

The Biblical injunction of "an eye for an eye" represents the concept of

answer

just deserts

question

According to modern-day advocates of general deterrence, which of the following is not required for punishment to be an effective impediment to crime?

answer

the punishment must be harsh

question

The use of imprisonment or other means to reduce the likelihood that an offender will be capable of committing future crimes is known as

answer

incapacitation

question

Which of the following is not one of the fundamental assumptions of biological theories of crime causation?

answer

The basic determinants of criminal behavior are, to a considerable degree, the product of individual choice.

question

Which of the following is not a fundamental assumption of most psychological theories of crime causation?

answer

Crimes result from individual choice.

question

Which of the following is not one of the characteristics of the psychopathic personality described by Cleckley?

answer

low intelligence

question

Which of the following is not one of the early signs or indicators of psychopathy?

answer

teenage pregnancy

question

A possible psychogentic cause of antisocial personality disorder is

answer

a separation from the mother during the first six months of life.

question

Eysenck suggests that __________ are the most likely to be criminal.

answer

psychotics

question

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the id conforms to the

answer

pleasure principle

question

Which of the following is not an example of a neurosis?

answer

Schizophrenia

question

A(n) __________ is a form of mental illness in which a person is said to be out of touch with reality in some fundamental way.

answer

psychosis

question

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a psychotic individual?

answer

Compulsive and obsessive behavior

question

Freud stated that aggression was a response to

answer

frustration

question

The ___________ is a standard for judging legal insanity which considers whether a person was not able to resist committing the crime because of his or her mental state.

answer

irresistible-impulse test

question

The jury determines what constitutes insanity in states that use the

answer

Brawner rule.

question

__________ is a psychological perspective that suggests people learn how to behave by modeling themselves after others.

answer

social learning theory

question

Social __________ refers to institutional arrangements within society.

answer

structure

question

Conflict theories see __________ as a fundamental cause of crime.

answer

the nature of existing power relationships between social groups

question

The idea that physical deterioration of a neighborhood leads to crime comes from __________ theory.

answer

broken windows

question

Merton's strain theory stresses

answer

the idea that American society emphasizes common success goals without providing equal access to the means of obtaining them.

question

Which of the following is not one of Miller's focal concerns?

answer

control

question

The technique of neutralization which involves a young offender claiming that the unlawful acts were "not my fault"is known as

answer

denying responsibility.

question

Social __________ theories assume that everyone has the potential to violate the law.

answer

process

question

According to differential association theory, criminal behavior is

answer

learned

question

Rather than focusing on factors which cause criminal behavior, __________ theories examine factors that keep people from committing crimes.

answer

social control

question

Social bond theory postulates that

answer

crime occurs when a person's links to society are weakened or broken, thus reducing the likelihood of conformity.

question

The __________ element of a social bond refers to the amount of energy and effort put into activities with other people.

answer

commitment

question

The __________ element of a social bond refers to a shared value and moral system.

answer

belief

question

The __________ perspective holds that conflict is a fundamental aspect of social life that can never be fully resolved.

answer

conflict

question

African-Americans are disproportionately represented in the homicide statistics as

answer

both victims and offenders

question

Homicides that involve victims and offenders who have no prior relationship are classified as

answer

non-primary homicides.

question

__________ focuses on explaining the role that alcohol plays in homicide.

answer

Selective disinhibition theory

question

Which of the following is not one of the ten myths of serial murder outlined by Fox and Levin?

answer

Serial killers do not want to be apprehended.

question

Serial killers generally target

answer

strangers

question

The __________ serial killer frequently plays a "cat and mouse" game with the victim before committing the murder.

answer

power seekers

question

Male serial killers are more likely to target __________ as victims.

answer

strangers

question

According to Levin and Fox's typology of mass murder, the most common motive for such a crime is

answer

revenge

question

Which of the following was not required by the rules of evidence under the common-law definition of rape?

answer

The victim had to be the spouse of the offender.

question

Which of the following is not one of the types of rape identified in Groth's typology of rapists?

answer

Erotic rape

question

According to Groth, __________ rapes involve eroticized aggression.

answer

sadistic

question

According to the Hazelwood and Burgess typology of rapists, __________ rapists plan their crimes and use a lot of force to subdue the victim.

answer

power-assertive

question

According to Hazelwood and Burgess, __________ rapists generally stalk their victims in advance and generally act out of a sense of social and sexual inadequacy.

answer

power-reassurance

question

According to Dennis Stevens, the __________ rape motive involves an offender who believes that the victim is responsible for the attack because she consented to the sex in some "silent deal."

answer

righteous

question

Which of the following is a characteristic of female robbers?

answer

They frequently rob females in a physically confrontational manner.

question

The most common workplace violent incident is a(n)

answer

assault

question

Which of the following is not a risk factor for workplace violence?

answer

working during the daytime

question

Stalking behaviors include

answer

all of the above

question

The most frequent type of larceny, according to the UCR, is

answer

theft from a motor vehicle

question

The most common index crime occurring on college campuses is

answer

larceny

question

The primary motivation for the crime of joyriding is

answer

fun

question

Shoplifting is

answer

increasing

question

One of the best ways to address both shoplifting and employee theft is

answer

technology

question

Today, __________ are overrepresented in offense statistics on shoplifting.

answer

juveniles

question

According to UCR data, the most common type of burglary involves __________ entry.

answer

forcible

question

Which of the following individuals has the greatest risk of being a victim of personal theft?

answer

a young unmarried woman

question

The most common commercial establishment to be targeted for burglary is a __________ establishment.

answer

retail

question

Which of the following is not an element considered when selecting a target for a burglary?

answer

They are all elements considered by the offender when selecting a target.

question

The highest rate of illicit drug use in 2002 was found among persons aged __________ years.

answer

18 - 20

question

The __________ category of drugs includes barbiturates, sedatives, and tranquilizers.

answer

depressant

question

Which of the following is not a narcotic?

answer

LSD

question

The drug control strategy that authorizes judicial representatives to seize all proceeds traceable to the sale of illegal drugs is known as

answer

forfeiture

CCJ1010: Intro to Criminology – Final – Flashcards

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