Cbet Study Guide 1 – Flashcards

The Pulmonary Artery

An Alkaline

Homeostasis

Lungs

Rapid and Short

Pancreas dis-function.

Hypertonic

Leukemia

Filia or Intestines

Lungs

Occipital

Pleura

Pericardium

10 ML cold water

Above the Kidneys.

Pancreas

Circulatory.

Hematocrit

Insulin

LL

Calcaneus

Embolism

itis

QRS complex

Thrombosis

Creatine

Brain damage.

Slightly Alkaline

The front of the neck

The Ventricles depolarize

6.0 Liters

Red and Black leads.

The repolarization of the Ventricles

The tip level with the transducer.

Transverse Plane

Superior to the Kidneys

37 degrees Celsius

39.3 inches

240 ml

The forearm

Septum

Tricuspid valve

Pulmonary vein.

ABP

Restriction or closure of the coronary arteries.

Helium

Helps blood flow from the left ventricle to the coronary arteries.

The R Wave.

The catheter for blood.

Acidic

Normal

Metabolic acidosis.

Hemoglobin

Too low.

Liters per minute.

A bell shaped curve.

Negatively charged potassium ions rush out, and positively charged sodium ions rush into the cell.

Cardiac ablation

Atria-ventricular node rhythm

Atrial fibrillation

Ventricular fibrillation

5.5 lbs

Kidneys

Lead 2, white and red leads

. B: The upper part of the respiratory system includes the nasal and oral cavities, the epiglottis, the pharynx and larynx, which includes the vocal cords. After passing through the larynx, air moves down through the trachea and from there to the left and right bronchi, each of which divides into several branches, which themselves divide ultimately into bronchioles, finally leading air into alveolar sacs consisting of alveoli, where gas exchange takes place. Also known as the bicuspid valve, the mitral valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle in the heart, which is part of the circulatory system.

. A: Tissue consists of cells of a particular type. The main four types are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve cells. An organ is a functional entity made up of at least two different tissue types, specialized for different functions within the organ. Including, epithelial, connective, nerve, and muscle tissue, the skin constitutes an organ, as does the heart. The name of the organ system to which skin belongs is the integumentary system, which includes not only skin but also accessories such as nails and hair. Connective tissue is the most diverse type of tissue, including a range of tissue subtypes—the densest is bone, and the loosest is blood.

C: Exocrine glands are those glands that secrete substances such as enzymes or mucous through ducts so that the destination is not the blood. Such glands include skin glands and glands of the digestive and reproductive tracts. The prostate falls into this category, as it secretes into ducts that contribute to seminal fluid. Endocrine glands, on the other hand, secrete hormones through capillaries into the blood. The pituitary and adrenal glands both fall into this category. Located in the abdominal cavity, the pancreas has an exocrine function, secreting digestive enzymes into the gastrointestinal tract. However, it is also an endocrine gland, releasing glucagon and insulin into the blood.

A: In mammals, the right and left sides of the heart are separated functionally, as if there were two hearts: one to pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs and the other to pump blood that has been oxygenated in the lungs to the body tissues. Each side of the heart includes an atrium, where blood returning to the heart collects, and a ventricle. Blood moves from each atrium to the corresponding ventricle on the same side of the heart, passing through the tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral) valves on the right and left, respectively. Blood from the right ventricle goes into the pulmonary artery on its way to the lungs, passing first through a valve known as the pulmonary valve. The aortic valve is the valve through which blood from the left ventricle passes going into the aorta on its way to body tissues.

D: Most of the oxygen that is taken into the body through the lungs is carried attached to hemoglobin molecules in red blood cells (erythrocytes). However, a small amount of oxygen also is dissolved physically in the aqueous component of the blood. Arterial blood is nearly 100 percent

B: The defibrillation technique developed by Bernard Lown in the 1950s used a strongly damped sinusoidal wave with a duration of approximately 5 milliseconds. This was supplied by a bank of capacitors that were charged to approximately 1 kilovolt that could deliver 100 to 200 joules of energy, with the power supplied as direct current. This was a big improvement compared with earlier methods that had used alternating current and could be performed only internally, with paddles placed on the heart during surgery. The Lown method also allowed units to become a lot smaller as the technology advanced in increments, so that they could be portable and carried in ambulances. The main advantage of the biphasic waveform that replaced the Lown approach is that the energy needed for successful defibrillation was reduced sharply. This reduces the risk of damage to the myocardium and burns on the skin.

D: Since the power LED is on, the machine is getting electrical power. Since the LCD backlight is on, the LCD is getting power, but one of the cables connecting to the ECG control board could be loose. If not, then either the LCD itself, or the ECG control board could be the source of the problem, and thus would need to be replaced. Before coming to this conclusion, check whether there is any response at all when any switches are pressed. If there is no response at all when any switch is pressed, then the ECG control board is the source of the problem.

A: The thermal head of an electrocardiograph (ECG) can be tested by having the machine print basic patterns. These can be letters, such as "H" and "X," or diagonal lines. Running the paper roll at 10, 12.5, 25, and 50 millimeters per second is performed to test the motor, gears, and sensors. A demonstration is a dummy ECG that is generated by the machine. This is not actually a test, but it is performed for educational purposes, for instance, to show people the basic features of a normal ECG reading.

C: Flow cytometers are used to count tiny particles, such as cells and chromosomes. The particles are suspended in a stream of liquid and recognized by fluorescent tags that are attached to the particles through antibodies. To amplify the signal, two antibodies are used. The primary antibody recognizes antigens on the particles themselves. In the case of cells, such antigens are molecules displayed on the cell surface. The primary antibody is made by, or using information from, the immune system of any of several animals, including humans. While the area of the primary antibody that binds the antigen on the cell is very specific to that antigen, the opposite end of the antibody is common to other members of the species from which the antibody was made. The fluorescent dye is attached to secondary antibodies, which attach to the species-specific antigens on the primary antibodies. The primary antibodies made from a mouse, for instance, need to be labeled with secondary antibodies that are "antimouse." If the labeled secondary antibody in this case were "antihuman," it would attach poorly to the primary antibody, so the signal would be absent, or reduced. Excess antibody being trapped would cause unusually high fluorescence, not a weak signal, while bacterial contamination would cause a scattering effect, because bacteria tend to autofluoresce at low levels. More than one population of cells present in a sample would show up as such on readings.

A: In the case of most biomedical equipment, various specialists are responsible for the day-to-day operation of the equipment, while the biomedical technician is called to see that it works properly. In the case of ventilators, the various settings have a direct influence on the patient's comfort level, so adjusting these settings falls within the job description of the respiratory therapist. A ventilator is an example of a device that must be able to continue operating in the event of a power failure, which is to say a life-critical system. A biomedical technician is responsible for making sure that all backup systems are operating and that the various settings are calibrated.