Cancer (Exam 3) – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Cancer Cells can
answer
divide indefinitely
question
What is Cancer
answer
Uncontrolled mitosis
question
What does uncontrolled mitosis lead to?
answer
To producing excess cells that are abnormal
question
What is the American Cancer Society definition of Cancer
answer
is a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. If the spread is not controlled, it can result in death
question
What is a Tumor
answer
A mass of extra cells created by mitosis
question
What are the two forms of a tumor
answer
-benign -malignant
question
What is a benign tumor
answer
a tumor that contains cells that are not invasive and do not move in the body
question
What is a malignant tumor
answer
a tumor that contain cells that can be invasive and have potential to move in the body
question
What is a metastasis
answer
is the move meant of malignant cells with lymphatic fluids or blood to new locations in the body
question
Is Metastasis cancer?
answer
Yes
question
Cancer spreads through the process of metastasis, which means
answer
the shedding of malignant cells and the transport of those cells to different parts of the body
question
What is the worst term of cancer
answer
metastasis
question
In cancer, if metastasis has occurred and multiple site are affect,
answer
the prognosis will be worse
question
Malignant cells are invasive and
answer
interfere with the the function of healthy cells
question
Malignant cells no longer
answer
perform the functions they are supposed to perform in the body
question
Malignant cells can put
answer
pressure on surrounding tissues and organs
question
As a tumor grows, it can impinge on other tissue,
answer
interfering with normal functioning and even causing death
question
Early Detection is Key, our ability to treat metastatic cancer now
answer
is not mud better than it was in the 1970s
question
Early Detection is Key, Why so hard?
answer
To Tell before it spreads or interferes with bodily function
question
Early Detection is Key, Common Early Detection tests:
answer
PAP Test Mammograms Colonoscopy PSA??
question
Cancerous cells pop
answer
up in everyone
question
It takes more than one (sometimes lots of) different things
answer
to go wrong before a cell becomes cancerous
question
If a cell does beat the odds and become cancerous,
answer
usually our body takes care of them before they replicate out of control
question
Our risk of nearly every type of cancer increases
answer
with age
question
Characteristics of Cancer Cells #1
answer
Lack of Contact inhibition
question
what does Lack of contact inhibition mean
answer
normal cells stop dividing when they pile up on each other
question
Cancer Cells have no
answer
contact inhibition
question
Normals cells divide until they
answer
bump up against other cells or tissues, at which point they stop dividing
question
Cancer cells, however, ignore
answer
the signal and continue to divide, pilling on top of one another
question
Characteristics of Cancer Cells #2
answer
Immortality
question
What is Immortality
answer
A normal cell divides about 50 times, apoptosis is triggered and the cells dies
question
Can caner cells do immortality
answer
They can not
question
Characteristics of Cancer Cells #3
answer
Reversion to immature form
question
What is reversion to immature form?
answer
This prevents cells from doing their normal job
question
why do cell cycle checkpoints fail, Changes to the DNA
answer
(mutations) occur in a single cell
question
Changes to the DNA can
answer
be inherited or induced
question
why do cell cycle checkpoints fail, Carcinogens are
answer
factors known to increase the rate of mutations in cells
question
Why does Cancer Happen #1
answer
Too many GROWTH FACTORS are presents
question
What are too many growth factors?
answer
-Are proteins that stimulate the cel cycle -they are required for normal mitosis -but.. too many over stimulate the cell cycle
question
Why does cancer happen #2?
answer
Mutation of protooncogenes
question
What are mutation of protooncogenes
answer
-these are good -they code for proteins to regulate the cell cycle -When mutated they become oncogene (BAD) Oncogenes can be activated by several factors
question
The term oncogene refers to
answer
a gene that can cause cancer
question
Why does Cancer happen #3?
answer
Mutation of TUMOR SUPPRESSOR gene
question
What are mutation Tumor Suppressor
answer
-These are good -they code for proteins that destroy malignant cells -if mutated, the defense is lost
question
Why does Cancer Happen #4?
answer
Mutations to DNA repair Genes
question
What are mutations to DNA repair genes
answer
-These are good! -They repair minor damage to the DNA -If mutated, the repair function is lost
question
The prime suspects mutations in:
answer
Oncogenes, Tumor suppressor genes, DNA repair genes
question
Other mutations also occur in:
answer
-cell death genes -cell signaling genes -cell cycle checkpoint genes -cellular senescence genes -Cellular differentiation genes -metastasis/invasion genes -Carcinogen (activating genes, deactivating genes)
question
What is the most common analysis diagnose of cancer
answer
Biopsy
question
What is a biopsy
answer
Compare rate of mitosis to control value of the same tissue type; review size and shape of cells in the biopsy
question
Malignant cells may look
answer
physically different
question
What is a type of cancer scan
answer
PET Scan
question
What is a PET Scan
answer
Positron Emission Tomography
question
What is entailed in a PET Scam
answer
It involves drinking a glucose solution marked with radioactivity
question
What does a PET Scan track
answer
scan tracks where the radioactivity goes in the body
question
____ percent of cancers, cells have a mutation that cause them to make extra enzymes to increase their rate of gylcolysis
answer
80
question
What is Hyperplasia
answer
increase in number of cells
question
What is Meta-transformation
answer
from one type to another not genetic
question
What is Dys-Abnormal
answer
Growth Genetic
question
What is Ana-Reversion to
answer
immature cells
question
What is Grade 1
answer
Cells differ slightly from normal cells
question
What is Grade 2
answer
Cells are more abnormal than grade 1 cells
question
What is Grade 3
answer
Cells are very abnormal and hard to differentiate
question
What is Grade 4
answer
Cells are immature, primitive and undifferentiated. It is difficult to decide the origin of the cells
question
Whats Stage 0
answer
The cancer is located only in the inner lining surface of an organ and is not invading the organ
question
Whats Stage 1
answer
The cancer has not spread past the tissue or organ where it started
question
Whats stage 2
answer
There is some local and regional spread of cancer, sometimes to lymph nodes
question
What is stage 3
answer
There is extensive local and regional spread of cancer, usually to draining lymph nodes
question
What is Stage 4
answer
The cancer has spread (metastasized) beyond the regional lymph nodes to distant parts of the body
question
What are Cancer Treatment Options
answer
1. Surgery 2. Radiation 3. Chemotherapy 4. Inhibition of angigenesis 5. Immunotherapy
question
What happens in surgery
answer
-cuts out the tumor -not an option for all types of cancer -goal is clean margins -often involves follow up with other methods
question
radiation and chemotherapy do not
answer
taret cancer cells specifically
question
what is radiation
answer
recall that radiation exposure leads to formation of free radicals
question
How can radiation be given
answer
Externally or Internally
question
What are the side effects of Radiation
answer
Due to the death of normal cells which are also killed by exposure
question
Cells that divide fastest
answer
are most damaged
question
What is Chemotherapy
answer
Toxins that cause damage to cells that divide fast
question
How can Chemotherapy be given
answer
Orally or Via Infusion
question
What are the side effects of Chemotherapy
answer
Damage to healthy cells
