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Ethics

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deals with individual character and the moral rules that govern and limit our conduct. It investigates questions of right and wrong, duty and obligation, and moral responsibility.

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Business Ethics

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the study of what constitutes right and wrong (or good and bad) human conduct in a business context. Closely related moral questions arise in other organizational contexts.

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Moral Standards

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concern behavior that seriously effect human well-being, takes priority over other standards, and depends on the adequacy of the reasons that support them

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Etiquette

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the norms of correct conduct in polite society or, more generally, to any special code of social behavior or courtesy. (observing the rules of etiquette does not make one moral)

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4 Types of Law

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1) Statues 2) Administrative Regulations 3) Common Law 4) Constitutional Law

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Statutes

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laws enacted by legislative bodies

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Administrative Regulations

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boards or agencies whose functions include issuing detailed regulations covering certain kinds of conduct

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Common Law

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the body of judge-made law that first developed in the English-speaking world centuries ago when there were few statutes

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Constitutional Law

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court rulings on the requirements of the Constitution and the constitutionality of legislation

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Professional Codes of Ethics

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the rules that are supposed to govern the conduct of members of a given profession (lies between etiquette and law)

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Divine Command Theory

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if something is wrong (like killing an innocent person for fun), then the only reason it is wrong is that God commands us not to do it

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Ethical Relativism

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the theory that what is right is determined by what culture or society says is right

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Criticisms of Ethical Relativism

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Some societies tolerate or even encourage: Polygamy Stealing Slavery Cannibalism Ethical Relativism undermines any moral criticism of the practices of other societies and ignores the concept of moral progress

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Paradox of Hedonism

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people who are exclusively concerned with their own interest tend to have less happy and less satisfying lives than those whose desires extend beyond themselves.

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Organizational Norms

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acceptable standard of behavior within an organization

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Conformity

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behavior in accordance with socially accepted conventions or standards

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Groupthink

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when pressure for unanimity within a highly cohesive group overwhelms its members' desire or ability to appraise the situation realistically and consider alternative courses of action

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Diffusion of Responsibility

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inside an organization leads individuals to have a diluted or diminished sense of their own personal moral responsibilities

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Morality in the Narrow Sense

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concerns principles that do or should regulate peoples conduct and relations with others

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Morality in the Broad Sense

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Meaning not just the principles of conduct that we embrace but also the values, ideals, and aspirations that shape our lives

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The famous experiments by social psychologist Solomon Asch shows us what?

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even temporary groups can pressure people to conform

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Bystander Apathy

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in emergencies, we seem naturally to let the behavior of those around us dictate our response

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Argument

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group of statements, one of which (called the conclusion) is claimed to follow from the others (called the premises).

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Valid Argument

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whose premises logically entail is conclusion

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Invalid Argument

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whose premises do not entail its conclusion

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Counterexample

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an example that is consistent with the premises but is inconsistent with the conclusion

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Sound Arguments

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have true premises and valid reasoning

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Unsound Arguments

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have at least one false premise or invalid reasoning

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Moral Arguments

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arguments whose conclusions are moral judgments

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Philosophical Discussion

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generally involves the revision and modification of arguments; in this way progress is made in the analysis and resolution of moral and other issues

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3 Things Moral Judgments Should Be

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1) logical 2) based on facts 3) based on sound or defensible moral principles

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Our relationship with the law is best described by..?

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To a significant extent, law codifies a society's customs, norms, and moral values

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Morality and self-interest

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can sometimes conflict

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How did Aristotle view morality?

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it's necessary for us to try to be virtuous or excellent human beings

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Good moral judgments should be logical and...?

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based on facts and acceptable moral principles

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The authors use the murder of Kitty Genovese to illustrate what?

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bystander apathy

Business Ethics – Chapter 1

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