breast lesions and cervical cancer – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
benign breast disorder
answer
any noncancerous breast abnormality that can cause pain and discomfort
question
malignant breast disorder
answer
neoplastic disease where normal breast cells transform into malignant cells. most common cancer and 2nd leading cause of cancer deaths in women
question
Carcinoma
answer
A malignant tumor that occurs in the epithelial tissue. It tends to infiltrate and give rise to metastases.
question
60 years and older
answer
the peak age for developing cancer
question
invasive ductal carcinome
answer
most common breast cancer. starts in the ducts wall and invades the fatty breast tissue. 85% of cases
question
invasive lobular carcinoma
answer
breast cancer which terminal lobular units of breast ducts and is frequently located in the upper outer quadrant of the breast. by the time it is discovered the prognosis is usually poor
question
estrogen and progesteron
answer
hormones which breast cancer's growth rate is regulated by
question
epithileal cells that line the mammary ducts
answer
place in the breast where breast cancer starts
question
Paget's disease
answer
originates in the nipple and typically occurs with the invasive ductal carcinoma
question
tumor size, extent of lymph node involvement, evidence of metastasis
answer
three classifications of breast cancers
question
80%
answer
percentage of women in whom breast cancer have no documented risks factors
question
nonmodifiable risk factors
answer
risk factors for breast cancer that cannot be changed
question
modifiable risk factors
answer
risk factors for breast cancer that can be changes
question
nonmodifiable risks
answer
female, >50, BRCA-1 or 2 genes, hx of ovarian, colon, breast ca, increased breast density, family hx of breast ca, white race, exposure to breast radiation, early menarche or late menopause
question
modifiable risks
answer
no children or births after 30, postmenopausal use of estrogens and progestins, did not breastfeed for at least a year, alcohol, smoking, obesity, high fat diet, sedentary lifestyle
question
do not have a reduced number of menstrual cycles
answer
not being pregnant or breast feeding for longer than a year increases breast cancer risks because:
question
estrogen
answer
Early menarche 55 represents a nonmodifiable risk factor for breast cancer because of the lifetime of increased exposure to:
question
alcohol consumption
answer
boosts the level of estrogen in the blood stream
question
smoking
answer
exposure to carcinogenic agents
question
fat cells
answer
produce and store estrogen and so create higher estrogen levels
question
sedentary lifestyle
answer
increases body fat which houses estrogen
question
cancerous lesions
answer
are usually fixed, painless and in the upper quadrants
question
birth control use for over ten years
answer
a contraceptive which is modifiable risk factor for breast cancer
question
intraductal papilloma
answer
a benign, wart like growth found in the mammary ducts near the nipple has a watery discharge 40-60yrs old
question
atypia cells
answer
increases the risk of breast cancer four to fivefold
question
treatment of intraductall papilloma
answer
surgical removal and part of the duct and tested to rule out cancer
question
duct ectasia
answer
a dilation and inflammation of the ducts behind the nipple, benign and most common in perimenopausal women, nipple discharge green, brown, straw, reddish, gray or cream color toothpaste like discharge
question
painless and fixed in outer upper quadrants
answer
breast lumps more likely to be cancerous
question
family history
answer
7% of breast cancer patients have this risk factor
question
simple mastectomy
answer
surgical removal of all the breast tissue, nipple and aerola only done if not metastasized
question
modified radical mastectomy
answer
removal of all breast tissue, axillary nodes, some chest muscle but not pectoralis major to avoid concave appearance and is better for reconstructive surgery
question
lymph node removal
answer
done if sentinel test is positive has a high rate of nerve damage
question
BRCA-1 and BRCA-2
answer
genes which increase risk of breast cancer by 75%, and 30% for ovarian cancer
question
radiation therapy
answer
side effects include inflammation, local edema, anorexia, swelling and heaviness of the breast, sunburn skin changes, fatiugue
question
chemotherapy
answer
the use of drugs that are toxic to all cells and interfere with the cells ability to reproduce, especially malignant cells
question
chemotherapy side effects
answer
side effects nausea and vomiting, diarrhea or constipation, hair loss, weight loss, stomatitis (mouth lesions), fatigue and immunosupression
question
blood counts are too low
answer
chemotherapy would be stopped when:
question
fibroadenomas
answer
common benign solid breast tumors that can be stimulated by external estrogen, progesterone, lactation and pregnancy
question
mastitis
answer
an infection of the connective tissue in the breast that occurs primarily in the lactating or engorged women
question
lung cancer
answer
first leading cause of death from cancer in women
question
breast cancer metastasizes
answer
bone, lungs, lymph nodes, liver and brain and almost all organs of the body
question
localized cancer treatment
answer
surgery and radiation
question
systemic breast cancer treatment
answer
chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, immunotherapy
question
endocrine therapy
answer
blocks the effect of estrogen which stimulates the the growth and division of healthy cells in the breasts
question
endocrine therapy side effects
answer
hot flashes, bone pain, fatigue, nausea, cough, dyspnea and headache
question
immunotherapy
answer
used as an adjunct to surgery is an attempt to stimulate the body's natural defenses to recognize and attack cancer cells
question
Herceptin
answer
the first monoclonal antibody approved for breast cancer
question
HER-2/neu
answer
a protein produced but the tumor and are associated with a more aggressive form of disease and a poorer prognosis
question
Trastuzumab
answer
blocks the effect of the HER-2 protein to inhibit the growth of cancer cells
question
side effects of trastuzumab
answer
cardia toxicity, vascular thrombosis, hepatic failure, fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, and pain with the first infusion
question
clinical manifestations of breast cancer
answer
continued and persistent changes in the breast, a lump or thickening in one breast, persistent nipple irritation, unusual breast swelling or asymmetry, lump or swelling in the axilla, skin color or texture changes, nipple retraction, tenderness or discharge
question
palpatable lumps in breast
answer
means the cancer has been there for quite some time
question
Disturbed body image related to loss of body part, loss of femininity, loss of hair due to chemotherapy
answer
Nursing diagnoses for a woman diagnosed with breast cancer
question
Fear related to diagnosis of cancer, prognosis of disease
answer
nursing diagnoses for cancer diagnoses
question
Educational deficit related to cancer treatment options, reconstructive surgery decisions, breast self examination
answer
nursing diagnosis for woman with decisions to make about breast cancer
question
benign breast masses
answer
frequently painful, firm rubbery mass, bilateral masses, induced nipple discharge, clearly delineated margins, no skin dimpling, no nipple retraction, mobile nodule not affixed to chest wall, no bloody discharge
question
malignant masses
answer
hard to palpate, painless, irregularly shaped and poorly delineated, immobile and fixed to chest wall, skin dimpling, nipple retraction, unilateral mass, bloody, serosanguineous or serous nipple discharge, spontaneous nipple discharge
question
cervical cancer
answer
cancer of the uterine cervix, one of the most treatable cancers when detected at an early stage. a neoplastic growth of cervix, 1 in 20 women develop it between the ages of 40-49
question
papanicolaou test (PAP)
answer
detects cervical cancer and precancerous lesions by detecting cervical dysplasia (disordered growth of abnormal cells)
question
HPV
answer
linked to cervical cancer because 90% of cancer cells contain it spread through sexual contact
question
signs and symptoms of cervical cancer
answer
mostly asymptomatic but can be pain, genital warts and or vaginal discharge
question
cervial cancer treatment
answer
cryotherapy (destroys abnormal cancer cells by freezing), cone biopsy or conization, (removes a cone shaped section of the cervical tissue, laser therapy, hysterectomy, radiation, chemotherapy
question
risk factors for cervical cancer
answer
early age of first intercourse (with in first year of menarche), lower socioeconomic status, promiscuous male partners, unprotected intercourse, family history of cervical cancer, sex with uncircumcised men, genital herpes, chronic chlamydia, multiple sex partners, smoking, immunocompromised , HIV, oral contraceptive use, moderate dysplasia on Pap smear in past five years, HPV infection
question
first sign of cervical cancer
answer
abnormal vaginal bleeding and or vaginal discomfort, malodorous discharge, dysuria or maybe asymptomatic
question
nursing management for cervical cancer
answer
primary focus is prevention through education
question
education for preventing cervical cancer
answer
ID high risk behaviors and teach them how to take steps to avoid STI's, avoid having sex at young age, faithfully use barrier methods of contraception, avoid smoking an drinking, receive the HPV vaccine, have regular Pap smears
question
Secondary prevention of cervical cancer
answer
education focus is on reducing or limiting the area of cervical dysplasia
question
tertiary prevention of cervical cancer
answer
education focuses on minimizing disability or spread of cervical cancer
question
cervical dysplasia
answer
disordered growth of abnormal cells in the cervix
question
colposcopy
answer
a microscopic examination of the lower genital tract using a magnifying instrument. specific patterns of cells that correlate with cancer can be seen
question
Stage 2 breast cancer
answer
mass is approximately 1to 2 inches in diameter and the 3 adjacent lymph nodes are positive
question
Stage 0
answer
early stage breast cancer that is extremely localized
question
Stage 3
answer
Breast cancer tumor over 2 inches and has spread to lymph nodes and tissues
question
Stage 4
answer
breast cancer that has metastised
