Biotechnology and Genomics – Flashcards
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The term "ligase" adds the suffix "-ase" to the Latin root word for
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bind.
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Which of the following molecules forms lengths of DNA with "sticky ends"?
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restriction enzyme
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The function of DNA ligase in recombinant technology is to
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seal DNA into an opening created by restriction enzymes.
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What is complementary DNA (cDNA)?
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cDNA is DNA made from a mature mRNA template.
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What enzyme is used to make cDNA from mRNA?
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reverse transcriptase
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The function of the polymerase chain reaction in genetic engineering is to
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make multiple copies of a specific segment of DNA.
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All of the following statements are true about restriction enzymes EXCEPT
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they are made by bacteria and viruses.
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What was the minimal requirement for "classic DNA fingerprinting" to associate a blood sample with the criminal, or to estimate the evolutionary similarity of an extinct quagga as closer to a zebra than a horse?
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two samples of DNA, PCR amplification, restriction enzymes, and gel electrophoresis
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To carry out a polymerase chain reaction (PCR), you must have DNA polymerase and
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the nucleotides to synthesize new DNA strands.
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A transgenic organism is
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one that contains a gene from another organism of the same or different species.
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Plants are being genetically engineered to have
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the ability to produce human proteins.
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A common method used to introduce rDNA into bacterial host cells is
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plasmid transfer.
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Transgenic _______ have been given suicide genes that cause them to self-destruct when the job for which they are engineered has been accomplished.
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bacteria
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What is the function of gel electrophoresis in genetic engineering?
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separate fragments of DNA by their length and electrical charges
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DNA fingerprinting may be used to establish paternity. Analyze the banding pattern pictured at right to determine the father of the child. A. Male 1 B. Male 2
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A. Male 1
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With both bacterial and eukaryotic cells constantly dying and breaking down around us, and with a tremendous load of fragmentary DNA washing around in the fluid world, why aren't genes being transferred among various living organisms at a massive scale daily?
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DNA that is not protected inside a protein coat or membrane is very vulnerable. Living cells maintain a very effective barrier to the introduction of large molecules. Since a vector appears necessary to snatch up DNA from one protected source and inject it into a cell, "naked" DNA is apparently vulnerable and unable to cross membranes easily.
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When bone marrow stem cells are removed from the patient, infected with a virus that carries a normal gene, and returned to the patient, this is an example of
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ex vivo gene therapy.
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Transgenic plant products include all of the following EXCEPT
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suicide genes that cause the plants to self destruct after their product has been produced.
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All of the following are true regarding transgenic animals EXCEPT
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the process has been used to develop organisms that are partially animals and partially plant.
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Gene pharming is the use of
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transgenic farm animals to produce pharmaceuticals.
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It is estimated that humans have approximately ______ bases in our genome.
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3 billion, 3,000,000,000
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Human gene therapy
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Includes the insertion of genetic material into human cells for the treatment of a genetic disease. Has been used for treatment of children who have severe combined immunodeficiency. Has been used in a trial to treat familial hypercholesterolemia.
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Gene therapy in humans has been used to treat
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cystic fibrosis. cancer. inborn errors of metabolism.
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The introduction of normal genes into an afflicted individual for therapeutic use is called
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gene therapy.
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Xenotransplantation is the
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use of animal organs instead of human organs in transplant patients.
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Animal cloning is
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a difficult process with a low success rate.
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CNVs
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CNVs occur when genes have changed their number. The changes may result from fork stalling and template switching. CNVs have known links to disease.
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Transgenic plants must be
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approved by the Food and Drug Administration before they are considered safe for human consumption.
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Biotechnology products produced by bacteria include all of the following EXCEPT A. an antibody to deliver radioisotopes to tumor cells. B. clotting factor VIII. C. human growth hormone. D. insulin.
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A. an antibody to deliver radioisotopes to tumor cells.
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Familial hypercholesterolemia
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Is characterized by high blood levels of cholesterol. Is a condition that develops when liver cells lack a receptor protein for removing cholesterol from the blood. May be treated by ex vivo gene therapy.
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In what field of study would scientists predict a protein's three-dimensional shape and how DNA mutations would affect protein function.
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Bioinformatics Proteomics Genomics
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Gene therapy is being used
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in cancer patients to make healthy cells more tolerant of chemotherapy and to make tumors more vulnerable to chemotherapy.
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Gene cloning can be accomplished by
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recombinant DNA technology and polymerase chain reactions.
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Automated polymerase chain reactions were made possible when
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the temperature insensitive DNA polymerase was isolated from the thermophile Thermus aquaticus.
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