question

· The human brain weighs about

answer

1.3 kilograms (2.9 pounds)

question

· The human brain is composed of various cells, including about 100 billion that are specialized to receive and transmit electrochemical signals. These specialized cells are called,

answer

neurons

question

· The study of the nervous system is called

answer

neuroscience

question

• The study of the nervous system is called

answer

neuroscience

question

• Jimmie G. the man frozen in time, had a severe problem with his,

answer

memory

question

• Research has now established that the brain is

answer

plastic

question

• Biopsychology is the scientific study of the

answer

biology of behavior

question

· Biopsychology is a branch or division of

answer

neuroscience

question

· Biopsychology is distinguished from the other subdisciplines of neuroscience because of

answer

its focus on the study of behavior

question

· _____ is the subdiscipline of neuroscience that focuses on the study of brain disorders.

answer

Neuropathology

question

· Structure is to function as

answer

neuroanatomy is to neurophysiology

question

· ____ are currently the most common subjects of biopsychological research

answer

Rats

question

· The main difference between human brains and the brains of their mammalian relatives is that human brains tend to be bigger and

answer

have more cortex

question

· The comparison of brain-behavior relations in different species is called

answer

the comparative approach

question

· The term "within-subjects design" refers to experiments in which

answer

each subject is exposed to each condition of the experiment

question

· In a successful experiment

answer

the independent variable affects the,dependent variable

question

· In a well-designed experiment, there is only one systematic difference between the conditions. This difference is manipulated by the experimenter and is called the,

answer

independent variable

question

· ______make it difficult to make causal interpretations of experimental results

answer

Confounded varibles

question

· The Coolidge effect refers to the fact that

answer

a sexually fatigued animal will often resume sexual activity if its current partner is replaced with a new one

question

· The experiment of Lester and Gorzalka (1988) is important because it constitutes the first strong evidence of a Coolidge effect in

answer

females

question

· The posture of lordosis in a female rodent indicates that she is

answer

sexually receptive

question

· In some studies, subjects are not assigned to conditions; instead subjects are selected because they are already living under these conditions (e.g., alcohol consumers and alcohol nonconsumers). Such studies are,

answer

quaxiexperiments

question

· A major shortcoming of case-study research is that

answer

the degree to which the results can be generalized is unclear

question

· Research that is intended to bring about direct benefit to humankind is

answer

applied research

question

· The corpus callosum is a

answer

neural pathway that connects the left and right hemispheres

question

· Hubel, Sperry, Axelrod, Moniz, Pavlov, and Golgi are all

answer

,Nobel Prize winners

question

· The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the

answer

cerebral hemispheres

question

· Schizophrenics and many of their relatives have

answer

difficulty in the smooth visual tracking of regularly moving objects

question

· A term that refers to higher intellectual processes such as thought, memory, and attention is

answer

"cognition"

question

· The major method of cognitive neuroscience is

answer

functional brain imaging

question

· According to the text, the division of biopsychology that deals generally with the biology of behavior, rather than specifically with the neural mechanisms of behavior, is,

answer

comparative psychology

question

· Some comparative psychologists study behavior in the laboratory

answer

whereas others conduct,ethological research

question

· The primary symptom of Korsakoff's syndrome is

answer

severe memory loss

question

· Scientists study the unobservable (e.g., past ice ages, evolution, neural inhibition, gravity, evaporation and thinking),

answer

by scientific inference

question

· If an object is moving to the left at a constant speed and your eyes are rotating to the left at twice the speed, you will see the object moving to

answer

the left

question

· The visual system bases its perception of motion on a comparison between movement of the image on the

answer

retina and the neural commands sent from the brain to the eye muscles

question

· A volunteer with curarized eye muscles, who viewed a stationary target,

answer

saw the target move,in the same direction as he attempted to move his eyes

question

· The principle that precedence should be given to the simplest interpretation of a behavior when more than one interpretation is possible is called

answer

Morgan's canon

question

· In the U.S. alone, more than _______psychiatric patients have received a prefrontal lobotomy.,

answer

40000

question

· Scientific progress is most likely when different approaches are focused on a single problem, particularly when the strengths of one approach compensate for the weaknesses of the others. This is called,

answer

converging operations

question

· ____is the youngest scientific discipline

answer

Biopsychology

question

· Psychobiology, behavioral biology, and behavioral neuroscience are all approximate synonyms for

answer

,biopsychology

question

· Psychology is often defined as the scientific study of

answer

behavior

question

· The man who played a key role in the emergence of biopsychology as a discipline by writing "The Organization of Behavior" is

answer

Hebb

question

· According to the textbook, the science of biopsychology as it is practiced today emerged as a discipline in about,

answer

1949

question

· -----is the youngest scientific discipline

answer

Biopsychology

question

The general intellectual climate of a culture is referred to as its

answer

• Zeitgeist

question

A major purpose of Chapter 2 of Biopsychology is to teach you not to think about the biology of behavior in terms of

answer

• traditional dichotomies

question

The idea that the human brain and human mind are separate entities was formalized in the 1600s by

answer

• Descartes

question

Descartes's philosophy was called

answer

• dualism

question

Nature is to nurture as

answer

• genetics is to experience

question

European ethologists focused on the study of

answer

• instinctive behaviors

question

Asomatognosia is a

answer

• deficiency in the awareness of parts of one's own body

question

One way to study self-awareness in nonhuman animals is to confront them with a

answer

• mirror

question

According to the text, the phrase, "Reports of its death have been greatly exaggerated." sums up the history of,•

answer

nature-or-nurture thinking

question

Darwin's theory of evolution was published in

answer

• 1859

question

Darwin was not the first to suggest that species evolve, but he was the first to suggest that,

answer

evolution occurs through natural selection

question

• Darwin suggested ________as the mechanism for evolution

answer

natural selection

question

Horse breeders have created faster horses through programs of

answer

• selective breeding

question

Fitness in the Darwinian sense refers to an organism's ability to

answer

• survive and contribute large numbers of fertile offspring to the next generation

question

Social dominance is an important factor in evolution because dominant males often

answer

• produce more offspring than nondominant males

question

courtship displays are important evolutionary phenomena because they

answer

promote the evolution of new species

question

The conspecific of a vole is a

answer

• vole

question

Evidence suggests that complex multicellular, water-dwelling organisms first appeared on earth,

answer

,• 600 million years ago

question

Animals with dorsal nerve cords are called

answer

• chordates

question

The first animals to venture out of the water were

answer

• bony fishes

question

Reptiles evolved directly from

answer

• amphibians

question

Mammals evolved directly from

answer

• reptiles

question

One remaining mammalian species that lays eggs is the

answer

• duck-billed platypus

question

Prosimians hominins, and apes are all

answer

,• primates

question

Unlike old-world monkeys, apes

answer

,• do not have tails

question

According to the simplest theory, the hominin line is composed of two different genera:,•

answer

Australopithecus and Homo

question

The first hominins are thought to have evolved about

answer

• 6 million years ago

question

• Australopithecines, the first hominins, are thought to have evolved about ______ years ago.,

answer

6 million

question

• The pattern of mate bonding that is most prevalent in mammals is

answer

polygyny

question

• According to one prominent theory, monogamy evolved in only those species,

answer

in which each female could raise more fit young if she had undivided help

question

• Mendel's early experiments challenged the central premise upon which previous ideas about inheritance had rested. This was the premise that

answer

offspring can inherit only those traits that are displayed by their parents

question

• An organism's observable traits are referred to as its

answer

phenotype

question

• The two genes, one on each chromosome of a pair, that control the same trait are called,

answer

alleles

question

• Individuals who possess two identical genes for a particular trait

answer

are homozygous for the trait

question

• If an individual has a recessive phenotype for a particular trait

answer

it can be concluded that,both parents were homozygous for the dominant gene for the trait

question

• In each cell of the human body

answer

there are normally,23 pairs of chromosomes

question

• Gametes are produced by

answer

meiosis

question

• Just prior to mitotic cell division

answer

the number of chromosomes in the cell,doubles

question

• The "letters" of the genetic code are

answer

nucleotide bases

question

• There are _____ nucleotide bases in DNA

answer

4 (FOUR)

question

• On the DNA molecule

answer

cytosine binds to,guanine

question

• In Down syndrome

answer

there is,an extra chromosome in each cell

question

• Accidental alteration in individual genes during replication is called

answer

mutation

question

• Female mammals have

answer

two X chromosomes

question

• Color blindness occurs more frequently in males than in females because it is

answer

a recessive sex-linked trait

question

• Sex-linked traits that are controlled by dominant genes occur more frequently in

answer

females

question

• Proteins that bind to DNA and influence the rate at which particular structural genes will be expressed are called

answer

transcription factors

question

• DNA is to RNA as

answer

thymine is to uracil

question

• During protein synthesis

answer

each amino acid is carried to the ribosome by,a transfer RNA molecule

question

• All mitochondrial genes are inherited only

answer

from one's mother

question

• Arguably

answer

the most ambitious scientific project of all time began in 1990: the,human genome project

question

• The most surprising finding of the human genome project is that humans have

answer

relatively few protein-coding genes

question

• There are ______ structural (protein-coding) genes in the human genome.

answer

about 20,000

question

• Tryon is famous for

answer

selectively breeding so-called maze bright and maze dull strains of rats

question

• Cooper and Zubek (1958) found that maze-bright rats made fewer maze errors than maze-dull rats only if both groups had

answer

been reared in an impoverished laboratory environment

question

• The disorder ___ was discovered by Asbjörn Fölling

answer

a Norwegian dentist,phenylketonuria

question

• Canaries can sing with either their left or right hemispheres

answer

but,most have a strong left-hemisphere preference

question

• Identical is to fraternal as

answer

monozygotic is to dizygotic

question

• The most extensive study of twins reared apart is the

answer

Minnesota study

question

• In the study of heritability estimates

answer

increasing the genetic diversity of the subjects without introducing other changes would likely,increase the heritability estimate

question

• When a particular gene encourages a developing individual to select experiences that increase the behavioral effects of the gene

answer

the gene is said to have a,multiplier effect

question

• In many song birds

answer

the voice box or ______a double structure.,syrinxis

question

• Zebra finches and white-crowned sparrows are ______birdsong learners; canaries _____birdsong learners.

answer

age-limited and are open-ended

question

• The last remaining hominin species is

answer

Homo sapiens

question

• About 200 thousand years ago

answer

early hominins were gradually replaced in the African fossil record by,Home sapiens

question

• Metaphorically

answer

evolution is a,bush

question

• Sudden evolutionary changes are often triggered by

answer

sudden changes in the environment

question

• Scientists who study fossils are called

answer

paleontologists

question

• Convergent evolution produces structures that are

answer

analogous

question

• A bird's wing and a bee's wing are

answer

analogous

question

of all species that ever existed on earth are

answer

Less than 1%

question

· Australo means ____; pithecus means _____

answer

southern and ape

question

· Well preserved 3.6-million-year-old footprints of 1.3-meter tall

answer

small-brained ______ were discovered in African volcanic ash.,Australopithecines

question

· _____ are evolutionary changes that are not adaptive?

answer

Spandrels

question

· An _____ evolved to perform one function and was then co-opted to perform another.

answer

exaptation

question

• The two major divisions of the nervous system are the

answer

PNS and the CNS

question

• In general

answer

afferent nerves carry sensory information,to the CNS

question

• The sympathetic nervous system differs from the parasympathetic nervous system in that the sympathetic nervous system has

answer

first-stage neurons that synapse at a substantial distance from the target

question

• The first two cranial nerves are

answer

sensory

question

• The dura mater

answer

arachnoid membrane, and pia mater are,meninges

question

• From outside to inside

answer

the three meninges are the,dura, arachnoid, and pia

question

• Adhering to the surface of the brain is the

answer

pia mater

question

• The subarachnoid space is just outside the

answer

pia mater

question

• The cerebral aqueduct connects the

answer

third and fourth ventricles

question

• When a tumor near the cerebral aqueduct causes cerebrospinal fluid to accumulate in the brain

answer

the disorder is,hydrocephalus

question

• The blood brain barrier impedes the passage into cerebral neurons of

answer

most proteins and other large molecules

question

• Neurons are specialized to receive

answer

conduct, and transmit,electrochemical signals

question

• The cone-shaped structure at the boundary between the cell body and axon of a multipolar neuron is the

answer

axon hillock

question

• The soma is

answer

the cell body

question

• Communication among mammalian neurons often occur

answer

across synapses

question

• Most of a neuron's DNA is in its

answer

nucleus

question

• Synaptic vesicles are most prevalent in the

answer

buttons

question

• All neurons with one axon and several dendrites emanating from the soma are

answer

multipolar

question

• Interneurons

answer

integrate activity within a single brain structure; they don't conduct signals from one structure to another

question

• Clusters of neural cell bodies in the CNS are called

answer

nuclei

question

• Tracts are to nuclei as nerves are to

answer

ganglia

question

• Multipolar neurons have a single long process emanating from the cell body. This is

answer

an axon

question

• CNS is to PNS as oligodendrocytes are to

answer

Schwann cells

question

• In the CNS

answer

axons are myelinated by,oligodendrocytes

question

• Myelination

answer

increases the speed of axonal conduction

question

• PNS is to CNS as Schwann cells are to

answer

oligodendrocytes

question

• Glial cells that engulf cellular debris and trigger inflammation are

answer

microglia

question

• The largest glial cells are

answer

astrocytes

question

• The Golgi stain colors neurons

answer

black

question

• The best thing about the Golgi stain is that it

answer

does not stain many neurons

question

• The first neural stain

answer

one which revealed the silhouette of a few neurons on a slide, is,the Golgi stain

question

• The first neural stain that permitted neuroanatomists to view some aspects of the inner structure of a neuron was the

answer

Nissl stain

question

• Nissl stains (e.g.

answer

cresyl violet) are frequently used to,determine the general distribution of cell bodies in the nervous system

question

• The fine inner details of neuron structure can be studied best

answer

by electron microscopy

question

• The main advantage of the scanning electron microscope over the conventional electron microscope is that it

answer

produces three-dimensional electron micrographs

question

• To locate the terminals of axons that project from a particular brain structure

answer

an investigator would employ,an anterograde tracing technique

question

• The back of your head is

answer

posterior

question

• The top of a dog's head is

answer

dorsal

question

• The tip of your nose is

answer

medial and anterior

question

• The nose of a rat is

answer

rostral and anterior

question

• The spine of a human runs just beneath the

answer

dorsal surface

question

• The H-shape of the spinal gray matter is most obvious in _____

answer

a cross section

question

• Gray matter of the spinal cord is largely composed of

answer

cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons

question

• White matter is white because

answer

myelin is white

question

• In cross section

answer

spinal gray matter has four arms; among these are the two,ventral horns

question

• Most neurons of the dorsal root synapse in the

answer

spinal cord

question

• Most neurons of the ventral roots

answer

have their cell bodies in the ventral horn

question

• "Encephalon" means within the

answer

head

question

• The large lateral outgrowths that compose the telencephalon are the

answer

cerebral hemispheres

question

• The myelencephalon is often called the

answer

medulla

question

• The caudal part of the forebrain is the

answer

diencephalon

question

• The myelencephalon is composed largely of

answer

tracts

question

• The reticular formation is in the

answer

brain stem

question

• The inferior and superior colliculi compose the

answer

tectum

question

• The tectum is the roof of the

answer

mesencephalon

question

• The neural structure situated nearest the opening connecting the third and fourth ventricles is the

answer

periaqueductal gray

question

• The hypothalamus and thalamus compose the

answer

diencephalon

question

• The lateral geniculate

answer

medial geniculate, and ventral posterior nuclei are all nuclei of the,thalamus

question

• Most sensory nuclei of the thalamus project to the

answer

cortex

question

• The part of the diencephalon that regulates the pituitary is the

answer

hypothalamus

question

• The pituitary gland is situated just inferior to the

answer

hypothalamus

question

• If a midsagittal cut were made through the human brain

answer

all of the uncut axons running from the eyes to the brain would be,ipsilaterial

question

• The mammillary nuclei are

answer

visible on the inferior surface of the diencephalon and often considered to be nuclei of the hypothalamus

question

• All mammals with lissencephalic brains

answer

have small brains

question

• The large cortical ridges between fissures are called

answer

gyri

question

• Big is to small as fissures are to

answer

sulci

question

• The largest cerebral commissure is the

answer

corpus callosum

question

• The corpus callosum is the human brain's largest

answer

commissure

question

• Between the frontal and parietal lobes is the

answer

central fissure

question

• The lobe at the back of the brain

answer

which serves a visual function, is the,occipital lobe

question

• The functions of the occipital cortex are largely

answer

visual

question

• Precentral is to postcentral as

answer

motor is to somatosensory

question

• The hippocampus is

answer

shaped like a sea horse in cross section

question

• The limbic system and basal ganglia are

answer

for the most part, in the,telencephalon

question

• A neural circuit that includes the septum

answer

cingulate cortex, fornix, amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and thalamus is thought to be involved in the regulation of motivated behaviors. This circuit is called the,limbic system

question

• A major limbic system tract is the

answer

fornix

question

• Two parts of the limbic system are cortical structures. These two structures are the

answer

hippocampus and the cingulate

question

• The caudate

answer

putamen, and globus pallidus compose the,basal ganglia

question

• The caudate and the putamen compose the

answer

striatum

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