Biology part 2 – Flashcards
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What is biological evolution?
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The change in the gene pool of a population over time.
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What would describe Lamarck's ideas about evolution?
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A mouse loses its tail in a flight. It's offspring will not have tails.
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What term describes Darwin's idea that present organisms are related to past organisms?
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Common descent
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What explains Darwin's theory of natural selection?
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Individuals in a population with traits best suited for that environment survive and increase in number.
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Which theory states that the more recent species are changed descendants of earlier species?
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Descent with modification
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According to the theory of______, today's organisms evolved from past organisms.
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Common descents
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The theory of modern synthesis states that evolution invokes changes in a population's___.
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Gene pool
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When did Lamarck publish his ideas on evolution?
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Early 1800's
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Natural selection is based on Darwin's observation that individuals most likely to survive and reproduce are those_____.
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With traits best suited to their current environment.
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The modern synthesis theory states that evolution occurs through changes in the gene pool of_______.
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Populations
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What is biological evolution?
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Changes in the gene pool of a population over time.
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A gene pool consists of all the genes within a_____.
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Population
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Which idea did Lamarck propose that was rejected by his fellow scientists?
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Acquired traits can be passed to offspring.
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Over many generations, darker fur color becomes more common in a population of squirrels living in a shady area. This is an example of________.
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Adaptation
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According to the theory of_____, today's organisms evolved from past organisms.
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Common descent
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How do scientists determine the actual age of a fossil?
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By using radioactive elements
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Pieces of rock and organic material pressed together form______.
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Sedimentary rock
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A fossil found under a layer of rock is usually______.
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Older than the rock
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What is a measurement of the Earth's history divided into time periods?
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Geologic time scale
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The study of biogeography includes information about the location of______.
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Fossils and living organisms
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What theory states that the major land masses of the Earth move?
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Continental drift
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What is the outer layer of the Earth called?
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Crust
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Wegener's theory of_____ says that land masses move slowly.
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Continental drift
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Why do the body stirred of some species support species support Darwin's theories?
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Because they have similar limbs
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A cell can make mistakes when is copies____ in its DNA.
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Nucleotides
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What is geologic time?
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All the time that has passed since Earth formed
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What is geologic time scale?
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A table that dives Earth's history into time periodsz
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What is biogeography?
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The study of the geographical distribution of fossils and living organisms.
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What is the continental drift?
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A theory that the major land masses of the Earth move
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What is fossil record
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The history of life on Earth, based on fossils that have been discovered?
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What is homologous structure?
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The body parts that are similar in related animals.
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What is plate tectonics?
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A theory that the Earth's surface is made of large sections of crust that move
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On his trips to Galápagos Islands, Darwin determined that animal on the islands_______.
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Looked like animals in South America.
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What does the presence of homologous structures in different organisms suggest?
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Common ancestry
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The theory of plate tectonics is about the____.
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Movement of large sections of Earth's crust.
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Some scientist study's the way and living organisms are distributed, or spread out, on the Earth. What is this area of study called?
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Biogeography
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What is one way that changes can occur in a DNA sequence?
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Through mistakes during DNA copying
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Which type of rock may contain fossils?
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Sedimentary
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What is Earth's crust?
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That outermost layer on Earth's surface
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_______provide evidence of common ancestry among organisms.
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Similarities in DNA sequences
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Recombination shuffles genes by recombining what?
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Alleles
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What five processes affect evolution?
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Mutation, recombination, gene flow, genetic drift, natural selection
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What is the creation of new combinations of alleles called?
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Recombination
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An orphaned female lion joins a band of lions, the addition of her genes to their gene pool is______.
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Gene flow
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Half of the polar bears in a small population die. This population may experience changes due to_______.
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Genetic drift
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When Hardy and Weinberg worked on their equilibrium principle, what main assumption did they make?
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Population do not change.
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The Hardy-Weinberg principle is written as an equation: p2 +2pq+q2=1. What does the q represent?
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Frequency of the dominant allele
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What is mutation?
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Change in the sequence of DNA.
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What is recombination?
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Creation of new combinations of alleles
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What is gene flow?
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Movement of genes into or out of a population.
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What is genetic drift?
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Random changes in the gene pool of a small population.
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What is natural selection?
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Process by which organisms best suited to the environment survive, reproduce, and pass on their genes.
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What is one consequence of genetic drift?
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Loss of genetic variation
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What does NOT add new alleles to a population gene pool?
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Genetic drift
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What term describes the movement of alleles into and out of a population?
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Gene flow
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Recombination occurs during_____.
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Meiosis
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When no living members of a species exist, the species_____.
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Has gone extinct
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What is recombination?
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New groupings of alleles in offspring
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Which scenario causes gene flow?
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An animal moves to a new population and mates.
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What is one reason that cheetahs are endangered?
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Habitat loss
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Which process adds new genes to a gene pool?
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Gene flow
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What is an example of artificial selection?
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A farmer crosses toe kinds of corn. He produces a new, better tasting type of corn.
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How many alleles for sickle cell disease remain in the gene pool?
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2
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What is the purpose of natural selection?
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To keep life going even as the environment changes.
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Which term describes when individuals leave more offspring than other individuals?
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Differential reproduction
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Cattle are bred to create offspring that produce a lot of milk. What is this an ex of?
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Artificial selection.
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People with one sickle cell allele are not likely to get malaria. What is this an example of?
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Natural selection
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What is overproduction
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When organisms produce more offspring than can survive
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What is differential reproduction?
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When individuals leave more offspring than other individuals.
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What is heterozygous?
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Having chromosomes that contain an identical pair of genes that do not code for the same trait form.
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What is homozygous?
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Having chromosomes that co tai. An identical pair of genes for a particular trait.
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What is malaria?
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A tropical disease caused by a parasite
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A scientists uses artificial selection to produce a new type of cow. Compared to their parents, the new cows are_____.
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The same species with a different genetic makeup
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How is the sickle-cell allele maintained through natural selection?
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Heterozygous individuals pass the dominant and recessive alleles to offspring.
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What must be done to breed dogs for a particular trait?
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Mate two dogs that have the desired trait.
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Some individual produce more offspring than others. Which term describes this observation?
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Differential reproduction
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Why do populations have variation in certain traits?
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Different individuals have different alleles.
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Over time, why does natural selection continue to work?
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Environments are always changing.
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What is required for a person to have sickle-cell disease?
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The person is homozygous for the trait.
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For sickle-cell disease, assume S is the dominant allele and s the recessive allele. Which genotypes are possible for offspring of a carrier (Ss) and a person who lacks the sickle-cell allele (SS)?
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SS, Ss
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What evidence exists for macro evolution?
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Fossils
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The formal of a new species can result from____.
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Macro evolution
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What do scientists often use to study micro evolution?
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Laboratory studies
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What was the cause of the increase in the numbers of black moths in England in the 1800's?
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Natural selection
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What determines an organism's phenotype?
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Genes and environment
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What do evolutionary biologists study?
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Genetic changes within and among populations
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At one time, dinosaurs lived in Earth. Today they are extinct. This relates to_______.
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Macro evolution
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What minor changes can occur over a few generations. The changes produce variations in a population. This relates to_____.
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Micro evolution
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Moth populations changed from mostly lighted colored to mostly dark colored in the 1800's. This relates to_____.
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Micro evolution
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Changes in groups of organism over time produce variations in a population. This relates to____.
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Both macro evolution and micro evolution
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Over million of years, birds developed as species. This relates to______.
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Macro evolution
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What is macroevolution
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Major changes in populations over a long time
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Which evolutionary mechanism caused the increase in dark-colored Boston betularia moths in England in the 1800s?
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Natural selection
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What is a part of microevolution?
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Genetic drift
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What is NOT part of macroevolution?
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Genetic drift
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What do scientists often use to study macroevolution?
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The fossil record
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What caused England's Boston betularia moth populations to change over time form light colored to dark colored?
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Changes in allele frequencies
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What statement about microevolution and macroevolution is true?
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Microevolution can lead to macroevolution.
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What is one example of a phenotypic change that is not genetic?
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Humans are larger than they were 100 yrs ago.
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Why was dark wing color advantageous for moths in the late 1800s in England?
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Blending into darkened tree bark hid them from predators.
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What is used to classify a species based on the body form of organisms?
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Morophology
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What specific differences about the finches on the Galápagos Islands were great insert to Darwin?
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Beak structure
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What happens when members from separated populations do not reproduce with each other?
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They become separate species
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Why are horses and donkeys considered different species, even though they produce offspring?
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The offspring is not fertile
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What is niche?
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An organism's living and no living interactions with its environment.
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Which type of speciation occurred among the Galápagos Islands finches?
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Allopathic speciation
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____describes why similar organisms do not interbreed because of a physical barrier.
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Allopathic speciation
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Which is the largest group of organisms that can interbreed?
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Species
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What is morphology?
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The study of differences in body forms.
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Which idea explains Darwin's observation about Galápagos Islands finches?
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Biological species concept
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What must occur for the gene pool within population to change?
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natural selection or genetic drift
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While studying finches, what did Darwin observe?
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Finches looked alike, but ate different things.
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How is sympathetic speculation similar to allopathic speciation?
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They both are mechanisms by which new species arise.
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Which key morphological feature is used to classify organisms as mammals?
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Mammary glands
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Two populations that are separated by a mountains range can no longer interbreed to produce fertile offspring. This is an example of____.
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Allopathic speciation
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Why are horses and donkeys considered different species even though they can interbreed?
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Because their offspring are infertile
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Which two fields of study provide the core information that is used to classify organisms?
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Morphology and biochemistry
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What factor can cause 2 populations to become reproductively isolated?
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Geographical barrier
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What describes asexual reproduction?
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One parent organism and no egg or sperm
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When members of a species become separated by geography and lose the ability to interbreed, how would scientists classify them?
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2 separate species
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How does allopathic speciation occur?
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A geographical barrier
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How did Dobzhansky and Mayr explain the origin of species?
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It happens through allopathic speciation.
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What term describes a species that shows little change over time?
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Stasis
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What statement describes the punctuated equilibrium theory?
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Species stay the same for a long time and then change quickly due to environmental changes.
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When glacial ice moved into North America, some organisms survived without changing by_____.
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Moving to new areas
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What is coordinated stasis?
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A patterned in which most new species appear at about the same time.
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Today, most species are in_____.
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Stasis
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What ideas would follow from the Dobzhansky-Mayr theory of speciation?
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Geographic isolation happens before speciation
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What theory states that species stay the same for a long time and then change quickly because of environmental changes?
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Punctuated equilibrium
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How are Dobzhansky and Mayr's ideas about the origin of species similar to Darwin's?
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They thought the evolution of new species is linked to environmental changes.
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What is coordinated stasis?
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A pattern of speciation in which most species in an area appear at about the same time.
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According to the theory of punctuated equilibrium, at what rate does speciation occur?
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After periods of stasis, a new species evolve relatively rapidly
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Paleontologist have found evidence that matter after a major extinction occurs,______.
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Many new species often appear at about the same time.
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Which event is the most likely to cause for the four periods when punctuated equilibrium seems to have occurred?
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Global warming
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Evidence for coordination stasis is found in___.
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The fossil record
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The evidence that species change gradually over time is found in___.
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The fossil record
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After speciation occurs, what happens to the species' gene pool?
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They become more and more different over time.
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What best describes how long it usually takes speciation to occur?
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Several generations
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What do you call a group of different populations that live in the same area?
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A community
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A species becoming dependent on another species_____.
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Co-adaptation
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The more stable an area, the more____ are in the area.
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Species
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Species are disappearing almost a thousand times faster than they are forming.
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Human impact
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The fossil record shows that periods of___ are followed by diversity in organisms.
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Mass extinction
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What happens when organisms populate a new area of species and are isolated geographically from other population of the same species?
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Speciation occurs
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A new species that forms in only one generation is an example of____.
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Instantaneous speciation
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Scientists have observed that the size of a population influences the genetic health of a species. What is considered to be healthy population size?
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500
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How does the rate of extinction compare to the rate of species formation on Earth today?
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The rate of extinction is faster.
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The mass extinctions that occurred 250 million years ago and 65 million years ago may have been due to gradual processes or_____.
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A large comet or asteroid striking earth
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Why are small populations more prone to genetic disease?
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They have s greater frequency of harmful genes
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How does mass extinction affect species that survive?
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They fill new roles in the changed environment
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What has occurred when large numbers of species die over a short period of time?
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Mass extinction
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What characterizes speciation in new areas, such as a recently formed island?
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Rapid speculations occurs as populations adapts to the environment
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How does the size of a landmass relate to species diversity?
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Larger land masses have greater diversity
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How is a species named int the Linnaeus system?
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Each species has 2 word name
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In the Linnaeus system, a(n)___ contains similar phyla.
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Kingdom
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What does the first word in the 2 word scientific name of a species represent?
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Genus
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What is the science of naming organisms called?
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Taxonomy
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Plants are classified in the domain____.
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Eukarya
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The scientific name of a living thing is made up of its genus and___names.
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Species
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____are members of the simian Eukarya.
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Fungi
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A____is not a living thing. It is made of genetic material inside a protein coat.
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Virus
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What is one of the three domains?
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Eukarya
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What is a member of the domain Eubacteria?
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E. Coli
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What is the correct interpretation of the scientific name Homo sapiens?
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Homo is the genus and sapiens is the species.
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What characteristics do scientists use to group species?
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Ancestors and DNA
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What describes an extreme environment where Archaebacteria might live?
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In hot springs
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What is true of all eukaryotes?
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Their cells have nuclei.
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What 2 groups are the most similar in physical characteristics?
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Archaea and Eubacteria
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What characteristics do all members of Eukarya have that members of Eubacteria do not have?
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Cells with nuclei
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What is the purpose for assigning 2 names to classify organisms?
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The naming convention is the same throughout the world.
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What describes an extreme environment where Archaebacteria might live?
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In hot springs
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The science of classifying organisms based on features they share is called_____.
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Taxonomy
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What belongs in the domain Eukarya?
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Fungus
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What characteristics do scientists use to group species?
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Ancestors and DNA
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Why did scientists make Archaebacteria its own kingdom?
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Archaebacteria have some unique characteristics.
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What is an extremophile?
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An organism that lives in extreme conditions
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What is NOT a trait of the members in the kingdom Archaebacteria?
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Require sunlight.
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What is the source of energy for thermoacidophiles Archaebacteria?
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Sulfur
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What are the needs of aerobic Eubacteria?
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Oxygen, nutrients, water, and moderate temperature
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What is another name for rod shaped bacteria?
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Bacilli
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_____ are Eubacteria with protective walls that are resistant to heat and cold.
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Endospores
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Archaebacteria use____for movement.
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Flagella
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What Eubacteria help plants in the production of proteins?
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Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
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Freezing food___ the action of bacteria.
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Slows
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What does it mean for an organism to be anaerobic?
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It poisoned by oxygen
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What term describes the whip-like structure that helps cells move through liquids?
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Flagellum
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What are scientists who are searching for life on other planets studying Archaebacteria?
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They live in conditions similar to those likely to be found on other planets.
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Which bacterial shape is the most common?
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Rod
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Which is a role of Eubacteria in living systems?
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Decomposing dead plants and animals
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What would likely live in the Great Salt Lake?
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Halophile
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What is chemosynthetic organism?
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It uses sulfur or other elements as a source of energy.
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What would likely live in a bog, a sewage treatment plant, or a cow's intestine?
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Methanogen
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What is a class of extremophile?
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Halophile
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What kinds of bacteria are spherical?
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Cocci
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Amoebas use___for movement.
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Pseudopods
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What is the green scum you see in lakes?
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Algae
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Most algae get energy from____.
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Sunlight
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To which kingdom do slime molds belong?
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Kingdom Protista
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What is a slime mold's reproductive cell called?
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Spore
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Paramecium use____to move and capture food.
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Cilia
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What are Protista that act like fungi?
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Slime molds
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What are seaweeds?
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Algae
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What happens to a euglena when sunlight is not present?
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It absorbs food from the environment.
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When would slime molds likely gather to form one, large structure?
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When food and water are scarce
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What kind of protist causes dysentery?
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Amoeba
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Where are most algae found?
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In fresh water and saltwater
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Which type of protist is most like a plant?
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Algae
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How are euglenas similar to plants?
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Hey make their own food in sunlight
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What is true of flagellates?
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They can move through water
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What is true of cilia?
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They are like hairs
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How do fungi get their food?
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They decompose dead organisms
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The fibrous mat that serves as an underground feeding network for fungi is called the____.
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Mycelium
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Molds and mushrooms are both_____.
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Fungi
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What is the role of bacteria in lichens?
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They provide nitrogen
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What food product is made using a fungus?
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Cheese
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How is yeast used?
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To make Bread rise
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What kind of organism caused the Great Potato Famine is Ireland in the 1800s?
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A fungus
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What do fungi give off often after they digest the food that they absorb?
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Carbon and nitrogen
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What is a single-called fungus?
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Yeast
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How do hyphae spread from one area to another?
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They grow quickly underground
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How do fungi change complex food into simpler forms they can absorb?
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They give off enzymes that break down complex foods.
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An organism is made of many cells, cannot move its own, and absorbs food from its environment. What kingdom does it belong to?
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Fungi
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How is penicillin used?
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To kill bacteria that cause disease
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What is the function of the vascular tissue, xylem and phloem, in plants
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Transport
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Phloem is made up living cells. Phloem takes sugars in the_____ to the roots.
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Leaves
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Spores are produced by_____in the diploid phase.
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Meiosis
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What is the most accurate statement about ferns?
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Ferns developed after mossed appeared
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What is the function of sori?
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Sori release haploid cells
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What is not nonvascular plants?
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Mosses
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How are moss spores produced?
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By sporophytes through meiosis
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Why are nonvascular plants short and small?
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They lack tubes for transport and support
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Where do many of the plants in the phylum Polypodiophyta live?
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Forests
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Moss spore form inside capsules that break open and shoot spores into the environment. Which does not help carry these spores to new areas?
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Rhizoids
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Which is a vascular tissue in plants?
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Phloem
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Which type of plant is a fern?
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Vascular plant
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How are moss gametes produced?
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By gametophytes through mitosis
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Which is a function of vascular tissue?
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To transport water and nutrients
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Where does xylem transport water?
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From roots to leaves
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What are the male and female reproductive organs in a flowering plant?
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Stamens and pistil
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Plants in the phylum Coniferophyta are_____.
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Gymnosperms
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During____, pollen moves from the stamen to the pistil.
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Pollination
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Where does fertilization take place in conifers?
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In the ovary of female cone
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Why is a flower's stigma sticky?
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To catch pollen
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About how many different angiosperm species have been found?
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250,000
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How does interaction with birds help a flowering plant?
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Birds spread seeds and provide protection
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Many flowers produce nectar. What is a purpose nectar?
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To attract birds and insects
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What is found only in plants of the phylum Anthophyta?
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Flowers
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What is the process by which animals, wind, and rain transfer pollen to the pistil of a flower?
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Pollination
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What is the meaning of the term germinate?
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To start growth
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What does a seed contain?
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A plant embryo and stored food
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Which plant is not found in conifers?
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Flowers
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What are two kinds of root system?
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Fibrous and taproot
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What are the 3 layers that are found in roots?
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Epidermis, cortex, and inner root
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Herbaceous plants____.
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Have smooth, green stems
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The primary function of stems is to____.
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Support the leaves
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What are the main parts of a leaf?
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Blade, stalk, and veins
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What is the function of stomata?
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They control the exchange of gases
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The outer, protective layer of a leaf is called the____.
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Epidermis
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Which part of the root contains transport tubes?
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Inner root
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What is example of phototropism
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A plant bending toward the light
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When a vine grows around a fence, which response is it exhibiting?
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Thigmotropism
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Which structure may be used to store food?
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Taproot
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What is the outer covering of a leaf called?
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Epidermis
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In which part of a leaf is food made?
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Blade
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How many growing seasons do plants with herbaceous stems usually survive?
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One
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In which part of a root is vascular tissue found?
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The inner layer
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Which kind of root system contains many thin, branching roots?
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Fibrous
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What is one function of plants stems?
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To transport water and food
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A plant that responds to touch is showing which of the following?
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Thigmotropism
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Where do new root cells form?
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Behind the root cap
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Most animals have coordinated movement because their muscular and skeletal systems are controlled by____.
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The nervous system
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An animal zygote divides to form_____.
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A blastula
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How are all animals alike as heterotrophs?
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All animals need food to survive
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Jellyfish, corals, and hydras are examples of which of the following?
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Cnidarians
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How are flatworms and roundworms similar?
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They both have bilateral symmetry
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Both flatworms and roundworms have a body called______.
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Bilateral symmetry
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How do earthworms enrich planet earth?
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They tunnel through the soil, which allows air to enter
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What types of cells contract to move an animal?
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Muscle cells.
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What helps animal sperm cells move so that they can reach an egg?
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Flagella
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What is a feature of the sponge's body?
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It has two cell layers
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Organisms that must eat food for energy are____.
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Heterotrophs
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Which system controls the coordinated movement of animals?
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Nervous
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Which term describes an organism made of many cells?
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Multicellular
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How many copies of each chromosome are found in animal sex cells?
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1
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Which is a feature of a flatworm?
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Thin bodies
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Which divides many times to form a blastula?
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A zygote
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What is a radula?
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A tongue like organ that is used for feeding.
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Every mollusk has a head, body, and_____.
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muscular foot
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What type of metamorphosis does a grasshopper go through firing development?
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Incomplete metamorphosis
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How many pairs of legs do insects have?
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Three
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Arthropoda have an exoskeleton which they shed as they grow. What is this process called?
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Molting
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Which organism would be classified as an echinoderm?
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Sea star
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Which organism would be classified as an arthropod?
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Crab
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Which phylum would squid, octopuses, and slugs belong to?
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Mollusca
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Which is the largest group of Arthropods?
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Insects
question
Which are the only invertebrates that can fly?
answer
Insects
question
What is one common function of an arthropod's antennae?
answer
To smell
question
Which is a feature of all arthropods?
answer
Segmented bodies
question
Where do most crustaceans live?
answer
In water
question
Which feature would you find on an echinoderm?
answer
An endoskeleton
question
Which set of body parts does every mollusk have?
answer
Muscular foot, head, body
question
What is the function of a mollusk's radula?
answer
It is used for feeding
question
Which arthropods have many body segments, with 2 pairs of legs on each segment?
answer
Centipedes
question
Young cricket in the early stages of incomplete metamorphosis resembles____.
answer
Adult crickets
question
Where do echinoderms live?
answer
In marine environments
question
What is found in all adult echinoderms?
answer
Radial symmetry
question
Identify the feature not unique to vertebrates.
answer
Skeleton
question
Into how many classes do scientists divide vertebrates?
answer
8 classes
question
What is the difference between ectoderm and endotherms?
answer
Temperature regulation
question
The_____of a fish helps it move up and down in the water.
answer
Swim bladder
question
Which event occurs during the metamorphosis of a frog?
answer
Frog larvae grow legs and lungs and lose their gills and tails
question
______have the highest brain-to-body mass ration of all large animals.
answer
Humans
question
The language and customs of a group of people make up their____.
answer
Culture
question
Which body parts do birds have?
answer
Feathers, beaks, and scales
question
Where do amphibian larvae live?
answer
Underwater
question
Which types of embryos have pharyngeal slits?
answer
All chordates
question
How does a warm-blooded animal get body heat?
answer
Through its metabolism
question
An operculus covers which body part of a bony fish?
answer
The gills
question
Which animals are the oldest vertebrate fossils?
answer
Fish with no jaws
question
Humans walk upright using 2 legs. This is called______locomotion.
answer
Bipedal
question
Most of the species in the class____ lay amniotic eggs.
answer
Reptilia
question
Where does a young marsupial develop?
answer
Inside a mother's pouch
question
The backbone is made of many small units of bone or cartilage. What is each unit called?
answer
A vertebra
question
What do ethnologists do?
answer
They observe animal behavior.
question
Which of the following is example of an internal stimulus?
answer
Hunger pang
question
How is learned behavior different from innate behavior?
answer
Learned behavior results from experience
question
What term describes the way an organism responds to stimuli?
answer
Behavior
question
Which is an internal stimulus?
answer
Pain
question
What process causes behavior patterned to change over generations as result of reproductive success?
answer
Change through natural selection
question
A mouse runs for cover in the presence of a cat. The cat is an example of a(n)___stimulus.
answer
External
question
Which is an external stimulus?
answer
Heat
question
What term describes anything that causes an organism to react?
answer
Stimulus
question
A peacock spreading its tail to attract a mate is sending a(n)___stimulus.
answer
External
question
What term describes the way an organism responds to stimuli?
answer
Behavior
question
When birds chicks open their mouths, the mother bird immediately finds food and feeds them. The baby chicks' response is an example_____.
answer
Innate behavior
question
Which of the following is an example of innate behavior?
answer
A male bird's mating dance
question
Female mammal nursing her offspring is an example of what type of behavior?
answer
Parental care
question
Which is not a characteristic of imprinting?
answer
The mother must be present
question
Which best describes singing behavior in birds?
answer
Singing is in are; the species song is learned.
question
A bird that perfects the sound and notes of its species song as it ages shows what type of learning?
answer
Observational
question
Which is not part of the description for communication?
answer
Learning to signal
question
What is it called when an organism signals another that their interaction is not serious or threatening?
answer
Metacommunication
question
What type of behavior is characterized by display of body parts or release of a scent for the purpose of attracting a mate?
answer
Courtship
question
What term describes a chemical signal made in sweat glands?
answer
Pheromone
question
When an animal uses two kinds of signals together to abstain a response, there is a communication_____.
answer
Cycle
question
Why is the alarm calling of the vervet monkey an example of advanced communication?
answer
The response is learned and varies over time.
question
What type of communication occurs when a monkey gives a special, loud cry if it sees a bird of prey that might threaten the troop?
answer
Alarm call
question
Which type of response best describes a vervet monkey's ability to make and understands alarm calls different predators?
answer
Learned
question
Which example shows an advanced understanding of the meaning and purpose of an animal's communication?
answer
A gorilla that uses sign language to express itself
question
What term is used to describe the animal in a group that is the largest, strongest, or has the highest status?
answer
Dominant
question
What is an example of commensalism?
answer
Barnacles benefit from eating snakes, but they do not benefit the snakes.
question
A cat has fleas. The cat is a_____.
answer
Host
question
Fleas and dogs are in a symbiotic relationship called_____.
answer
Parasitism
question
The diversity of species in a community refers to the____.
answer
Number of different species
question
What do we all call colors or patterns that help an organism blend in or hide in its surroundings?
answer
Camouflage
question
An organism that feeds off another organism is called a_____.
answer
Parasite
question
The interactions that occur in a pond are part of a(n)____.
answer
Ecosystem
question
Barnacles live on whales. Whales carry the barnacles around, which helps the barnacles feed. The whales are unaffected. This is an example of______.
answer
Commensalism
question
The largest density an ecosystem can support for a particular population is called_____.
answer
Carrying capacity
question
Organisms leave population when they_____.
answer
Emigrate
question
Which of the following describes a boom period?
answer
As one population increases, the other population also increases.
question
Which tends to increase the size of a population?
answer
As one population increase another one as well increases
question
When the number of organisms increase in an ecosystem, the_____.
answer
Number of resources is usually the same.
question
Which distribution pattern has no order to how it is distributed through an ecosystem?
answer
Random
question
What distribution pattern describes pine trees on a pine tree farm?
answer
Uniform
question
Which is a density-dependent factor?
answer
Food
question
Which is likely to cause a population's density to increase?
answer
Plenty of food
question
Ecological change in a community following a major disturbance is called____.
answer
Succession
question
Succession is the process of___ in a community.
answer
Ecological change
question
A community that experiences major changes undergoes____.
answer
Ecological change
question
Where is secondary succession likely to occur?
answer
In a forest that has burned
question
Which plants are the first to grow during primary succession?
answer
Mosses
question
Which is an example of a human disturbance in a community?
answer
Toxic spill
question
Which are the first organisms to start the process of primary succession?
answer
Microorganism
question
How does secondary succession differ from primary succession?
answer
Soil nutrients are already in place.
question
What does primary productivity measure?
answer
The rate at which phototrophs make organic matter
question
What is the direct source of energy for phototrophs?
answer
Sunlight
question
What kind of consumer is Mark when he eats the beef in a hamburger?
answer
Secondary
question
From where for most producers get energy?
answer
The sun
question
What do the arrows in a food chain represent?
answer
How energy moves from organism to organism
question
Which one is a chemotroph?
answer
A box turtle
question
Which term describes how a person gets energy?
answer
Chemotrophic
question
In a food chain, a bigger fish eats a smaller eats a smaller fish. What is the bigger fish called?
answer
Consumer
question
A phototrophs is to a chemotroph as____.
answer
A plant is to an animal
question
Which organism is an ecosystem is likely to be found at the top of an energy pyramid?
answer
Hawk
question
Which cycle is directly affected by burning fossil fuels?
answer
Carbon cycle
question
What do nitrifying bacteria do?
answer
Convert ammonium to nitrates
question
What happens when solar energy heats a body of water?
answer
Evaporation
question
Which is an example of precipitation?
answer
Snow
question
Which nutrient tends to cycle within single ecosystem?
answer
Phosphorous
question
What is the name of the process of liquid water changing into water vapor due to heating?
answer
Evaporation
question
Nutrients move through ecosystems in different ways. Which nutrient cycles through organisms, rivers, rain, and the atmosphere?
answer
Water
question
What is the main source of carbon in an ecosystem?
answer
The atmosphere
question
Which biome has trees and very tall grasses scattered throughout?
answer
Savanna
question
Which biome typically experiences hot summers, cold winters, and lots of rain?
answer
Temperate deciduous forest
question
What is the floor of an aquatic biome called?
answer
Benthic zone
question
Which biome has no large trees because much of the soul is frozen?
answer
Tundra
question
Ecosystems that experience the same climate conditions are grouped together into larger regions called_____.
answer
Biomes
question
The area where an ocean meets land is called the____zone.
answer
Intertidal
question
Which type of forest constrains several kinds of cone-bearing trees and typically receives a lot of snow in winter?
answer
Coniferous
question
Which is true of the regions near Earth's equator?
answer
They receive more solar energy than the poles
question
What characteristics is used to divide aquatic biomes into 3 zones?
answer
Light exposure
question
What human disease can result from exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun?
answer
Skin cancer
question
Approximately how many species become extinct on Earth each day?
answer
100
question
To help ecosystems thrive, humans must gain a better understanding of_____.
answer
Ecology and environment
question
When sulfur dioxide reacts with water droplets in the air, it forms a substance that falls back to Earth as______.
answer
Acid Rain
question
Which is not a source of carbon dioxide gas?
answer
Plants
question
What affect does human activity have on many ecosystems?
answer
It destroys habitats
question
Introduced species often take over ecosystems because they usually_____.
answer
Have no competitors
question
What term is used to describe the clear-cutting of rain forests for their valuable lumber which often results in species loss?
answer
Deforestation
question
How does over-hunting cause a species' population to decrease?
answer
Too few individuals remain to reproduce
question
Builders who values the environment may include____ in their development plans?
answer
A landscaped lawn
question
How does an endangered species differ from a threaten species?
answer
An endangered species is near extinction
question
What term do scientists use to describe all the different forms of life one Earth?
answer
Biodiversity
question
How can humans reduce the number of landfills?
answer
Produce less trash
question
What is not part of Earth's biodiversity
answer
Volcanoes
question
Which is an important source of carbon monoxide emissions that contributes to the greenhouse effect?
answer
Vehicles
question
Builder who understand landscape ecology are mindful of what aspects of the environment?
answer
Local ecosystems
question
______use resources and scientific information to design ways to solve problems?
answer
Engineers
question
Where are the first reports of new scientific discoveries published?
answer
Scientific journals
question
Which is not a source of funding for scientific research?
answer
Scientific meetings
question
Biogeography is the study of the interaction between the______parts of the environment?
answer
Living and nonliving
question
What is the first step that both scientists and engineers use to approach a problem?
answer
Observation
question
What technological tools allow scientists to study bacteria?
answer
Microscopes
question
What field includes CAT scans and MRI scans as diagnostic tools?
answer
Medical technology
question
What might engineers use to test a new software design?
answer
Simulations.
question
Scientific and technological discoveries are accepted if their evidence can be______.
answer
Repeated
question
The______system includes the heart
answer
Circulatory
question
Which system moves the body?
answer
Muscular
question
Which system carries food and oxygen to cells?
answer
Circulatory
question
Which part of the skin keeps in heat?
answer
Fatty layer
question
Perspiration leaves the body through the_____.
answer
Sweet glands
question
Which system takes in oxygen and releases carbon dioxide?
answer
Respiratory
question
Which system sends messages to organs and tissues?
answer
Nervous
question
Which system produces gametes?
answer
Reproductive
question
What structures work in antagonistic pair to move bones?
answer
Skeletal muscles
question
What can result if calcium is not replaced in bone tissue?
answer
Osteoporosis
question
What type of muscle is most used when a person takes a leisurely walk?
answer
Skeletal
question
Which skeletal structure enclosed the reproductive organs?
answer
The pelvis
question
What is the function of spongy material called red marrow?
answer
It makes blood cells.
question
What covers the ends of bones in adults?
answer
Cartilage
question
What structures attach muscles to bones?
answer
Tendons
question
How many bones does a human adult have?
answer
206 bones
question
Food moves through the digestive tract by peristalsis, which is produced by wavelike contractions of______muscles.
answer
Involuntary
question
Which substance helps break down starch during digestion?
answer
Amylase
question
What role do villi play in the digestive process?
answer
They increase do villi play in the digestive process
question
Where does the digestive process begin?
answer
In the mouth
question
Food moves from the mouth to the stomach through which organ?
answer
Esophagus
question
Which process moves food through the esophagus?
answer
Peristalsis
question
Which organ is at the end of the digestive tract?
answer
Anus
question
Which structure helps move food to the pharynx?
answer
Tongue
question
Which organ are involved in elimination?
answer
Large intestine, liver, and blood
question
Which site in the digestive tract produces chyme?
answer
Stomach
question
At the tip of each bronchioles is____.
answer
Alveoli
question
During inhalation, air moves from the larynx to direct the________.
answer
Trachea
question
Which action removes carbon dioxide from the body?
answer
Exhaling
question
Which structures bring oxygen from the trachea to the lungs?
answer
Bronchi
question
Which occurs during inhalation?
answer
The rib cage expands
question
What statement about epithelium is correct?
answer
It is thin tissue that lines the alveoli.
question
Which structure is located between the trachea and a bronchiole?
answer
Bronchus
question
Which structure prevent food and liquids from inhale when a person swallows?
answer
The epiglottis
question
Which sequence correctly shows oxygen movement during respiration?
answer
Alveoli, capillaries, body cells
question
What is the largest artery in the body
answer
Aorta
question
Oxygen-rich blood from the lungs enters the heart at what structure?
answer
Left atrium
question
What is the function of heart valves?
answer
They prevent blood from flowing backwards
question
What is the normal heart rate for an adult who is sitting quietly?
answer
70
question
A heart murmur is caused by defect in a(n)_____.
answer
Heart valve
question
What is the function of white blood cells?
answer
They fight infections
question
Which blood vessel receives blood from the trunk and legs?
answer
Inferior vena cava
question
A thrombus can clog an artery. What occurs when an artery in the brain is blocked?
answer
Stroke
question
Touching a hot stove stimulates which type of sensory receptor?
answer
Pain receptor
question
Which type of sensory receptor enables you to see?
answer
Photoreceptor
question
Which sensory receptors detect odors and tastes?
answer
Chemoreceptors
question
Which is not a function controlled by brain stem?
answer
Thinking
question
Hair cells in the ear decent motion through movement. These cells are classified as_________
answer
Mechanoreceptors
question
Which type of stimulus is detected by photoreceptors?
answer
Light
question
Which part of the brain directs incoming sensory messages so that you can see, hear, and smell?
answer
The thalamus
question
The brain communicates with the rest of the body through the_____.
answer
Spinal cord
question
How does the pineal gland regulate sleep?
answer
Secreting melatonin
question
Low blood levels of which substance would cause the release of more ADH into the blood?
answer
Fulid
question
Hormones secretes by the hypothalamus_____.
answer
Regulate the pituitary gland
question
Which structure connects each kidneys to the bladder?
answer
Ureter
question
What is the term for the chemical messenger that the endocrine glands produce?
answer
Hormones
question
Which is a way the body can cool down from a fever?
answer
By making more sweat
question
Through which structure does urine leave the body?
answer
Urethra
question
In the body, hormones move from one location to another through_______.
answer
The blood
question
Which is a way for the body to conserve water during periods of heavy sweating?
answer
It can filter less water out of the blood
question
Which is a function of nephrons?
answer
They filter water and solutes from blood.
question
Which is a description of fever?
answer
Increases body temperature
question
Which cells produce antibodies?
answer
B lymphocytes
question
Which activity is part of the inflammatory response?
answer
Complement proteins signaling phagocytes
question
Which directly attacks host cells that contain bacteria or viruses?
answer
T lymphocytes
question
Which term is another name for germ?
answer
Pathogen
question
How does fever help fight germs?
answer
It stops bacteria from growing
question
What happens when an antibody binds an antigen?
answer
It causes pathogens to stick together
question
Which is a function of the human immune system?
answer
To fight disease
question
Which structure connects a placenta to an embryo?
answer
Umbilical cord
question
During gestation, embryos normally develop in_____.
answer
The uterus
question
Which process occurs when an egg cell, blood, and pieces of uterine lining leave the body through the vagina?
answer
Menstruation
question
What is the name of the thick, milky fluid that feed and carries sperm cells outside the body?
answer
Semen
question
Semen and urine both exit the body through the ______.
answer
Urethra
question
When does menstruation occur?
answer
After an egg fails the fertilize
question
In a male body, where is the urethra is located?
answer
In the penis
question
Which structure connects the tests to the urethra?
answer
Vas deferens
question
What happens during ovulation?
answer
A follicle releases an egg into a galloping tube
