question

Robert Koch is best known for a set of rules he created, now commonly referred to as Koch's postulates. What is the purpose of Koch's postulates?

answer

They help to determine if a particular infectious agent causes a specific disease

question

Griffith's experiment proposed a 'transforming factor' that changed harmless bacteria into a type that killed the mice. This factor was decades later show to be _____.

answer

DNA

question

We discussed the principles of the genetic code and how proteins are made. If you have a protein containing 250 amino acids, how many nucleotides would you expect the gene sequence to have?

answer

750

question

tumor cells are virtually immortal in laboratory culture. ____________ is the enzyme responsible for maintaining ________ and tumor cell immortality?

answer

Telomerase, long telomeres

question

One type of mouse experiment which demonstrates the ability of the immune system to fight tumor spread showed that cancer cells with __________ types of self/MHC antigen presenting molecules produced ________ metastases when injected into a mouse.

answer

more, fewer

question

average life expectancy in some african countries is more than 15 years lower than in the US. The largest factor contributing to this difference in the past 40 years _____________.

answer

HIV/AIDS

question

The majority of cancers world-wide could be prevented

answer

true

question

During DNA replication, incorrectly added bases are removed and replaced in a process called?

answer

proofreading

question

Spontaneous Generation was

answer

the idea that non-living objects can give rise to living organisms

question

There are three major gene families which are characteristically damaged in patients with Cancer. In class we used the analogy of gain of function mutation in a _____________ as like stepping harder on the gas petal of a car, thereby causing a tumor cell to grow and divide out of control.

answer

procto-oncogene

question

The cell is the basic unit of life and consists of different compartments and organelles. Where in the cell are instructions for all potential proteins found?

answer

nucleus

question

Which of the following statements is evidence that the immune system does play a role in fighting Cancer?

answer

patients on immunosuppressive drugs have a higher rate of cancer

question

Cells communicate with the outside world through ____________ which act like satellite dishes. Signals are received when a signaling protein/growth factor binds to the satellite dish. This signal leads to changes in the __________ where ________ are expressed.

answer

receptors, nucleus, genes

question

Approximately how much cancer could be avoided by eliminating smoking and obesity?

answer

61%

question

The information in a DNA or RNA molecule is contained in the ______________.

answer

order of the bases

question

_______________ is the process by which old or defective cells are removed from the body to prevent __________.

answer

apoptosis, tumor cell growth

question

Lymphocytes, including T cells and B cells, have receptors for foreign proteins. B cell receptor proteins are found in bodily fluids and are called antibodies. T cell receptors are found in the?

answer

cell membrane facing out

question

Pasteur's gooseneck flasks and the meat/maggot experiment were used to disprove ________ .

answer

spontaneous generation

question

Alcohol is a _________ , which means that it is ___________ in the liver to a form that damages DNA.

answer

promutagen, metabolized

question

Microscopic examination of a tissue biopsy is an important tool for diagnosing Cancer. Cancer cells have a __________ mitotic index; a measure of ______________ .

answer

higher, cell division rate

question

Which of the following processes is most likely to be associated with the majority of Cancer deaths?

answer

tumor metastasis

question

The human genome is the sum of all the DNA base pairs in 46 human chromosomes. In DNA, three nucleotides code for _______. A protein machine called the ________ is responsible for making all the proteins in our body.

answer

an amino acid, ribosome

question

Personalized medicine refers to the use of DNA sequence information to identify ____________ in an individual's tumor and therefore choose the most effective treatment.

answer

mutations

question

Which of the following is NOT a method Cancer cells use to escape the immune system?

answer

tumor cells that produce more tumor antigens are more likely to become a tumor

question

What is the purpose of the liver homogenate added to the potential mutagens in the Ames test?

answer

it metabolizes promutagens into mutagens

question

Cancer will never be "cured". This is due to the fact that as cells grow and divide, mistakes are made during DNA ___________. _____________ within genes lead to defective _________ .

answer

replications, mutations, proteins

question

Cancer is an umbrella term that refers to over 200 diseases that share which of the following characteristics?

answer

Abnormal, uncontrolled cell growth and the ability to metastasize and damage tissue ( both A and C)

question

Leukemia and lymphoma are Cancers of _____________ which result from mutations that cause ________ production of certain cell types.

answer

white blood cells, increased

question

In humans, Cancer can be caused by ________ .

answer

viral infection, gene mutation, environmental exposure (A,B,C)

question

Mutations in oncogenes lead to uncontrolled ________________

answer

cell division

question

Unlike normal cells, Cancer cells can grow in a density and _____________ independent manner.

answer

attachment

question

Overall, most cases of Cancer occur in people aged:

answer

50 years old and older

question

In class we discussed the high rate of breast Cancer reported in Marin County, CA. Which factor did we conclude had the LARGEST effect on the 37% increase from 1991 to 1998 in Marin County?

answer

inaccurate population estimates/census data

question

Every cell in your body has a molecule on its plasma membrane (outer surface) which identifies it as ________. In some cases _______ cells have proteins on their surface which are recognized by the immune system as ________ .

answer

self, tumor, foreign

question

Cancer causation due to exposure to chemicals has been known since at least the 1700s. Which of the following did NOT provide early evidence for the link between environmental exposure and Cancer?

answer

increased breast Cancer rates

question

Epidemiological evidence, like clinical studies, can show that a risk factor __________ a particular disease.

answer

increases the risk of

question

The foreign proteins, such as bacteria, viruses, pollen, and parasites, found on the outside of things that your immune system reacts to are called ______________ .

answer

antigens

question

DNA polymerase is a(n) ________ which turns individual nucleotides into a _________.

answer

enzyme, DNA Polymer

question

One type of Cancer vaccine works by isolating ________ from the patients' blood and stimulating them outside the body with ____________ to increase their ability to attack tumors.

answer

T cells and antigen presenting cells, tumor antigen

question

Cancer incidence today is dramatically different compared to 1900. What is the single most important reason for the increase seen in Cancer incidence rates today?

answer

increase in life expectancy

question

A cell uses _______ at the ends of its DNA to protect ends and as a count of how old it is.

answer

telomeres

question

Which statement below best describes one way antibodies work in the immune system?

answer

antibodies attach to foreign proteins and make them more visible to the immune system

question

Chimney sweeps were boys used to clean chimneys. Many of them died of Cancer due to exposure to ________ .

answer

coal tar

question

Avastin is currently used to treat Cancers of the colon, rectum, lung and breast, where it is found to significantly reduce the size of tumors. This is because Avastin directly binds and inhibits which of the following?

answer

VEGF

question

For any Cancer, prevalence will always be ___________ .

answer

more than incidence

question

Translation is the cellular process by which _______ is translated into __________.

answer

DNA language, protein language

question

Pathology reports from infected animals show that several different kinds of bacteria are present in dead rabbits, but not in healthy rabbits, in the same cage. What would you do next to prove what is killing the rabbits?

answer

inject each bacteria individually into a healthy rabbit

question

The majority of new cancers are due to inherited DNA defects.

answer

false

question

Chemtown seems to have a larger than expected number of cases of liver Cancer. Chemco, the local chemical plant, routinely screens its workers for liver function. Comparing Chemtown liver Cancer rates with the poorer and rural Clean County, which potential bias should be controlled for?

answer

screening bias

question

Therapeutic antibodies (immunologic Cancer treatments) are usually ________ , which bind to and "mark" cells that express ________ and kill these cells only?

answer

antibodies, tumor antigens

question

Which process (es) must occur for a gene to be expressed?

answer

translation and transcription (B and C)

question

Pasteurization is now a common procedure to ensure food safety. Pasteur's flasks disproved

answer

"bad" air causes disease

question

Increased consumption of fat and red meat ________ correlates with _______?

answer

positively, colon cancer

question

the 'maggot experiment' result helped to discredit?

answer

spontaneous generation

question

telomerase is normally not expressed in adult human cells

answer

true

question

unlike cancer cells, normal human cells will stop dividing when they touch each other. this process is called________.

answer

contact inhibition

question

alcohol consumption is a risk factor for breast cancer because___________.

answer

promutagen, increased mutation rates, increased estrogen levels (a,b,c)

question

Former president carter is being treated with a new __________ treatment which works by _________.

answer

immunologic, reactivates T cells

question

the chances that a women in the USA will develop metastatic breast cancer is ____________.

answer

around 12%

question

hormone replacement therapy was used to lessen the side effects of ___________. Instead, it led to an increase in __________ cancer.

answer

menopause, cervical

question

Her2 is a __________ present in abnormally large amounts on 25% of all breast cancer cells. Her2-postitive tumors have mutations that lead to multiple copies of the Her2 __________.

answer

growth factor receptor, gene

question

ductual carcinoma in situ (DCI) is a type of __________ cancer which for some might be treated best with ________.

answer

breast, watchful waiting

question

Which of the following is NOT true of Avastin and Herceptin?

answer

both are humanized antibodies

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