Biology for a Changing World Chapter 9 – Flashcards
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cancer
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a disease of unregulated cell division, cells divide inappropriately and accumulate sometimes forming tumors
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chemotherapy
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the treatment of disease, specifically cancer, by use of chemicals
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cell division
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process which a cell reproduces itself, important for normal growth, development, and repair of an organism
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cell cycle
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ordered sequence of stages that a cell progresses through in order to divide during its life, preparatory and division phases
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interphase
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stage of cell cycle which most cells spend most their time preparing for cell division, 3 subgroups: G1, S, G2
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mitosis
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separation of duplicated chromosomes
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cytokinesis
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physical division of a cell into two daughter cells
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sister chromatids
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the two identical DNA molecules that make up a duplicated chromosome following DNA replication
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centromere
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specialized region of a chromosome where the sister chromatids are joined, critical for proper alignment and separation of sister chromatids during mitosis
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microtubules
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hollow protein fibers that are key components of the cytoskeleton and make up the fibers of mitotic spindle
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mitotic spindle
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structure that separates sister chromatids during mitosis
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kinetochore
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proteins located at the centromere that provide an attachment point for microtubules of the mitotic spindle
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mutation
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change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
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cell cycle checkpoint
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cellular mechanism that ensures that each stage of the cell cycle is completed accurantly
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apoptosis
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programmed cell death "cellular suicide"
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tumor
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mass of cells resulting from uncontrolled cell division
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metastasis
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spread of cancer from one location in the body to another
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radiation therapy
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use of ionizing (high-energy) radiation to treat cancer
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Following mitosis and cytokinesis, daughter cells are
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genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell
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In the cell cycle, DNA is replicated during
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S stage
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What process is critical for embryonic development, wound healing, and replacement of blood cells?
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cell division (mitosis and cytokinesis)
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During which stage of the cell cycle do sister chromatids separate from each other?
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anaphase (mitosis)
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During which stage of the cell cycle are sister chromatids initially produced?
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S phase
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A normal cell that sustains irreparable DNA damage will
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die by apoptosis
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Which checkpoint prevents a normal cell from completing its cell cycle if it has not accurately replicated its DNA?
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interphase (G2-mitotic)
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A patient has metastatic melanoma (skin cancer spread throughout the party). Is surgery optional?
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No, because the spread cancer means no single tumor can be removed
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A promising new ovarian cancer drug should have a property that
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blocks mitosis in cancerous cells
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Why does chemotherapy cause nausea, diarrhea and hair loss?
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chemotherapy attacks cancer and noncancer cells. Cells lining digestive tract and at the base of hair follicles divide rapidly naturally and the drug affects them easily.
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The production of taxol caused what plant to be in high demand and what animal at risk?
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Pacific Yew and northern spotted owl
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If a medically valuable drug is isolated from a rare plant, which steps can be taken to ensure the drug is made available to patients and the plant is not overused?
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Cultivate plant for supply Try to find a related plant that is less rare Use structure compound to make synthetic version Design synthetic molecules that perform the same activity
