Biology Final Exam Study Guide – Flashcards
107 test answers
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What is an inference?
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Drawing a conclusion based on what you already know.
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After a scientist makes observations and asks a question, what is the next step?
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Construct a hypothesis.
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What is a hypothesis?
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An educated statement, guess, or understanding of the natural phenomenon.
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What is the definition of an experiment?
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a test under controlled conditions that is made to demonstrate a known truth, examine the validity of a hypothesis.
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What are some examples of qualitative data?
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The cat is blue. They dog is magenta.
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What is qualitative data?
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Data based on quality.
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What is quantitative data?
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Data based on quantity.
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What are some examples of quantitative data?
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There are eight snails. There were two mushrooms.
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What is an independent variable?
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A variable that is independent and cannot be changed.
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What is a dependent variable?
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A variable that is dependent on something else and can be changed.
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What is a variable?
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A factor that is subject to change.
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What is the metric unit of mass?
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Gram.
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What is the metric unit of length?
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Meter.
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What is the metric unit of volume?
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Liter.
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A meter contains how many km?
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0.001
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A meter contains how many cm?
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100
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A meter contains how many mm?
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1000
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When an experiment gives important results, what should you do with the results?
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Communicate the results.
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What are the 8 characteristics of living things?
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Made of cells Adapt and Respond to environment Homeostasis or Internal Balance Based on genetic code- DNA or RNA Evolution- all organisms evolve over time Consume energy All organisms reproduce All organisms grow and develop
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Can all living things produce their own energy?
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No
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Can all living things move independently?
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No
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What is the definition of homeostasis?
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A process in which organisms keep their internal conditions relatively stable.
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What is an instrument that allows light to pass through the specimen and uses two lenses to form an image called?
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Microscope
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What are three subatomic particles that make up an atom called?
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Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons.
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How can someone determine the atomic number of an atom?
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The number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom.
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How do you find the mass number of an atom?
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Equal to the sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons in it's nucleus.
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What is an isotope?
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Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons they contain.
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What is an ion?
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Positively and negatively charged atoms.
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How many electrons can a carbon atom share?
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4
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What is the most abundant compound in living things?
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Water
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Why is water so important to life?
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An extraordinarily versatile molecule - it's the perfect liquid medium in which to dissolve nutrients for ingestion or wastes for excretion, to transport important chemicals.
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Why are water molecules polar?
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Uneven distribution of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms.
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An organic compound contains what element?
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Carbon
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When looking at a formula for a chemical reaction, how can you tell what the reactants are?
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They are on the left side of the arrow.
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When looking at a formula for a chemical reaction, how can you tell what the products are?
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They are on the right side of the arrow.
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What three elements do all organic macromolecules have in common?
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Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen.
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What types of macromolecule are simple sugars?
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Carbohydrate
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What organic molecule is the main source of energy for organisms?
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Carbohydrate
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Which organic molecule stores genetic information?
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Nucleic Acid
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What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?
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Nucleotides(5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base).
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What is the primary function of lipids?
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Energy storage
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What are the building blocks of proteins?
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Amino acids.
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What is the most abundant organic compound in animal cells?
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Carbon dioxide
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Which macromolecule controls the rate of reactions and cell processes?
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Proteins
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What is definition of an enzyme?
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Macromolecules that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
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What does a carbohydrate look like?
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Tend to be clear. Hexagon shaped.
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What are the three parts of the cell theory?
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The cell is basic unit of life. All living things are made up of one or more cell. All cells come from other living cells.
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What are the levels of organization in living things from the simplest to most complex level?
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Cells Tissues Organs Organ System Organisms
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What do all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have in common?
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Both have DNA as their genetic material (it's DNA that tells cells what kind of cells they should be). Both are covered by a cell membrane. Both contain RNA.
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What is the function of the cell wall?
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Protects the cell and gives it it's shape.
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What is the function of the cell membrane?
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Regulate the flow of materials, detect external signals, and monitors interactions between cells.
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What is the function if the ribosomes?
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Are the structural support, and the catalyst for protein synthesis.
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What is the function of the chloroplasts?
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Are the structural and functional units where photosynthesis takes place.
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Chloroplasts are involved in what process?
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Photosynthesis
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How can someone tell the difference between a plant and an animal cell?
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Animal cells have mitochondrion and Plant cells have chloroplasts.
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What does selectively permeable mean?
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Term given to something that allows selected substances to pass through. It chooses what can pass through it or what cannot.
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What is osmosis?
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Movement of water molecules through a thin membrane.
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What is diffusion?
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process in which there is movement of a substance from an area of high concentration of that substance to an area of lower concentration.
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What is passive transport?
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Random movement of molecules that lead to a net movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration. This requires no energy
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What is active transport?
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movement from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. This requires energy.
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What is an autotroph?
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An organism that is capable of making and storing food using the sun (or another nonliving) energy sources.
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What is a heterotroph?
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An organism that is unable to produce it's own food and cannot perform photosynthesis.
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How is energy released from an ATP molecule?
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When a phosphate is removed from ATP, a high energy chemical bond is broken and energy is released.
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What happens to ATP after it is used by the cell?
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Becomes less energized ADP or adenosine diphosphate. ADP then goes back and becomes re-energized.
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What is the overall equation for photosynthesis?
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6co2 + 6h2o ==> c6h12o6 + 6o2
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How do plants take in the sun's energy?
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Through photosynthesis.
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What gas is given off by a plant in bright sunlight?
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Oxygen
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Why do plants appear green?
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They absorb all colors except for green, or chlorophyll.
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What are grana?
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Stack of thylakoids found in chloroplasts.
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What are stroma?
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Supporting tissue of an organ.
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What is photosynthesis?
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The chemical process that enables plants and some bacteria to capture the sun's energy and turn it into food and oxygen.
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Where do the light-dependent reactions take place?
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Occur in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplasts in photosynthetic organisms. The products (ATP and NADPH) are used in the second stage of photosynthesis, which is called the Calvin Cycle.
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Where does the Calvin Cycle take place?(light-independent reactions)
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In the stroma of the chloroplast.
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Name three factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis?
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Water, light intensity & temperature.
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Whats the overall equation for cellular respiration?
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C6H12O6 + 6O2---> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ~38 ATP
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What is anaerobic?
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Without air.
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What is aerobic?
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With air.
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Why is cellular respiration called an aerobic process?
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It requires oxygen.
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What gas is released during cellular respiration?
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CO2
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What are the three stages of cellular respiration in order?
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Glycolysis, Citric Acid, & Electron Transport Chain.
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Where does glycolysis take place?
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Cytoplasm
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Where does the Kreb's Cycle take place?
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Mitochondria
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Where does the Electron Transport Chain take place?
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Mitochondria
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Does Glycolysis take place with or without oxygen?
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Without, anaerobic.
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Does the Kreb's Cycle require oxygen?
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With, aerobic.
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What's the molecule that the process of glycolysis starts with?
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Glucose
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What process does yeast go through to obtain energy?
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Alcoholic Fermentation
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What process occurs only in muscle cells when no oxygen is present?
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Lactic Acid Fermentation.
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As a cell grows, what happens to it's surface area compared to it's volume?
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Surface volume increases.
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As a cell grows, does it become more or less efficient in moving nutrients and waste materials across it's membrane?
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Less efficient.
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What body system transports blood, oxygen and waste?
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Organ System.
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Name the body system that's involved in gas exchange?
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Respiratory System.
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What is homeostasis?
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An organisms ability to maintain a stable internal environment.
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What are the two main parts of the cell cycle?
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Interphase and mitosis.
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What is the longest phase of cell cycle?
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Interphase.
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What is the period between cell divisions called?
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Interphase.
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What are all the steps of mitosis?
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Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase.
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What is apoptosis?
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A normal series of events in a cell that leads to its death. Programmed cell death.
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What role do cyclins play in the cell cycle?
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Control the progression of cells through the cell cycle.
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What is cancer?
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Growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division.
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What is a tumor?
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An abnormal new mass of tissue that serves no purpose.
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What are stem cells?
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The unspecialized cells of the body. Found in all multi-cellular organisms.
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What is differentiation?
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The structural adaptation of some body part for a particular function.
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