biology eoc review – Mechanisms of Genetics – Flashcards
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asexual reproduction
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Offspring's genes come from 1 parent
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sexual reproduction
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Offspring's genes come from 2 parents via each parent's gamete; results in greater genetic variation compared to asexual reproduction
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gamete
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Reproductive cell that has half the number of chromosomes as parent cell (egg is female gamete, sperm is male gamete)
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meiosis
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Two-staged cell division process that produces gametes
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trait
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Organism's characteristic
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heredity
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Passing of traits from one generation to the next
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chromosome
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Structure in cell's nucleus that contains DNA; humans have 46 (23 pairs)
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sex chromosomes
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Chromosomes that determine sex
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allele
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Form of a gene that controls a characteristic (letters)
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homozygous
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Two copies of the same allele (RR or rr)
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heterozygous
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Two different alleles (Rr)
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dominant trait
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Trait that appears when at least one dominant allele is inherited; dominant allele is represented by a capital letter
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recessive trait
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Trait that appears when two recessive alleles are inherited; recessive allele is represented by a lowercase letter
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genotype
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Inherited combination of alleles that is represented by two letters (RR, Rr, rr)
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phenotype
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Organism's appearance based on its genotype
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Punnett square
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Diagram that helps predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring based on the parents' genotypes
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Mendelian genetics
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Laws regarding the inheritance of genetic traits
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non-mendelian inheritance
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Inheritance pattern that does not follow Mendelian genetic laws
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gene
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Segment of DNA; controls specific hereditary characteristics
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gene expression
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Regulated process by which gene transcription and translation are controlled by various factors, such as hormones
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genome
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Set of all genes that specify an organism's traits
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mutation
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Insertion, deletion, or substitution in DNA sequence; can cause a change in mRNA
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codon
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Formed from a sequence of 3 nucleotides (like AAA or GAC); different codons specify one or twenty different amino acids
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nucleotide
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Three part structure that makes up nucleic acid molecules (DNA and RNA)
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RNA (ribonucleotide)
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Nucleic acid that uses genetic information from DNA to produce proteins
