Biology End Of Course Exam Study Guide – Flashcards
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Mathematics
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Data Analysis.
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Data
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Info gathered from observations and experimentation.
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Quantitative Data
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Number Data.
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Qualitative Data
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Descriptive Data.
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Inference
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A logical interpretation based on prior knowledge or experience.
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Fact
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A truth known by actual experience or observation.
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Principle
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An accepted idea as truth.
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Observation
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Process of gathering data.
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Theory
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An idea that explains many related observations and is supported by a large body of evidence acquired through scientific investigation.
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Law
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A descriptive statement or equation that reliably predicts events under certain conditions.
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Organism
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A living being.
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Biology
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The study of living organisms.
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Unicellular Organism
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Single cell organism.
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Multicellular Organism
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An organism made of more than one cell.
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Growth
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Increase in size.
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Development
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The progressive changes in size and function.
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Macromolecules
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Compounds that contain carbon: Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids.
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Monosaccharide
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A small unit, the building blocks of polymers.
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Disaccharide
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Two groups of elements, only two monomers.
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Polysaccharide
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Many monomers together, more that two.
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Carbohydrates
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Made with Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen, it is usually the bread and wheat products we eat used for short-term energy.
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Lipids
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Made with Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen, it is the fats and oils we consume.
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Proteins
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Made with Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen, it is the element we get from consuming meats and peanuts.
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Nucleic Acid
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Made with Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus. It is our DNA and RNA.
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Amino Acids
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Building blocks of protein.
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Water
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A molecule made with two parts hydrogen one part oxygen.
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Cohesion
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Attraction between particles of the same substance.
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Adhesion
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Attraction between two different substances.
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Specific Heat
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The amount of heat needed to raise or lower 1g of a substance 1 degree Celsius.
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid
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Molecule made with two strands connected with nitrogen bases that code for a genetic phenotype.
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Nucleotides
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The building blocks of DNA which include a 5 carbon pentose sugar group, a phosphate group, and nitrogen bases.
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Enzyme
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Protein that speeds up reaction naturally.
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A, T, C, G, U
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Base pairs of DNA and RNA.
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Mitosis
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Process where a cell splits into identical daughter cells, its the cell division of somatic cells.
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Replication
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Making a copy of DNA.
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Transcription
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DNA becomes RNA in the nucleus of a cell.
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Translation
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RNA becomes proteins in the cytoplasm of a cell.
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Karyotype
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An organized picture of the chromosomes of a human arranged in pairs by size from largest to smallest.
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Autosomes
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Chromosomes that are not involved in determining gender.
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Diploid
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Normal amount of genetic material (2N).
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Haploid
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1/2 the genetic material (N).
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Meiosis
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Cell division of sex cells (non-somatic). Creates 4 unidentical daughter cells.
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Gametes
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Sex cells, haploid. Join together to make a zygote.
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Zygote
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Offspring of two, haploid, gamete cells. Becomes Diploid.
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Oogenesis
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Produced in female ovaries, makes gametes (eggs).
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Spermatogenesis
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Produced in males, makes gametes (sperm).
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Homologous Pairs
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A pair (2) of the same chromosome.
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Crossover
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When genes exchange between chromosomes.
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Cancer
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Uncontrolled Mitosis.
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Genetics
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The study of heredity.
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Heredity
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The passing of characteristics from parents to offspring.
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Traits
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Distinguishing characteristics that are inherited.
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Gene
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A piece of DNA that provides set of instructions to a cell to make a certain protein.
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Allele
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A part of a chromosome that are different versions of the same gene.
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Hybrids
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Offspring of true-breeding plants.
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Genotype
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Genetic makeup for a specific trait.
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Phenotype
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Physical characteristics, traits that are shown.
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Homozygous
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2 alleles that are the same.
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Heterozygous
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2 alleles that are different.
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Dominant Gene
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Stronger than recessive, shown in phenotype.
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Recessive Gene
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Weaker than dominant, is not shown in the phenotype but in genotype.
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Incomplete Dominance
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When the heterozygous phenotype is blended, where the genes are completely different.
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Codominance
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When the heterozygous phenotype expresses both traits completely and separately.
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Pedigree
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A graphic representation of genetic inheritance.
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Prokaryotes
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Single celled organisms. Example: bacteria.
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Eukaryotes
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Multi cellular organisms. Example: animals.
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Organelles
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Membrane-bound Structures found only in eukaryotic cells.
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