Question 1

Today\'s learning theorists recognize that human learning results not only from environmental influences but from an interaction of _____ influences.

Accepted Answer

biopsychosocial

Question 2

Robert Rescorla\'s research demonstrated the importance of _____ in classical conditioning.

Accepted Answer

cognition

Question 3

Compared to children not exposed to the adult model in Bandura\'s experiment, those who observed the model\'s aggressive outburst were _____ to lash out at the doll.

Accepted Answer

much more likely

Question 4

According to Darwin\'s principle of natural selection and Garcia\'s later work, taste aversions increase the likelihood of _____ in humans and other animals.

Accepted Answer

survival

Question 5

In a 1972 classical conditioning study, _____ showed that an animal can learn the predictability of an event.

Accepted Answer

Robert Rescorla

Question 6

Studies show that a significant number of children who are victims of child abuse become child abusers themselves. This behavior is learned through _____, and the area of the brain that models this behavior involves the _____.

Accepted Answer

observational learning; mirror neurons

Question 7

_____ studied the development of taste aversions and stated that they could not be explained by the basic principles of classical conditioning.

Accepted Answer

John Garcia

Question 8

Learning that is not immediately demonstrated in overt behavior is called _____ learning.

Accepted Answer

latent

Question 9

Four-year-old Mia watched her mother sing while she was brushing her hair. The next day Mia\'s mother saw Mia singing while brushing her stuffed dog. Mia was _____ her mother\'s behavior that she acquired through observational learning.

Accepted Answer

modeling

Question 10

Coyotes who have been fed sheep carcasses that have been laced with a nausea-inducing poison are less likely to prey on sheep in the wild. This phenomenon is best explained by the classical conditioning phenomenon called _____.

Accepted Answer

taste aversion

Question 11

The concept of _____ learning helps to demonstrate that rewards affect performance of what has been learned rather than the process of learning itself.

Accepted Answer

latent

Question 12

In a study, adult males who spent three evenings watching sexually violent movies became progressively less bothered by the rapes and slashing. Compared with those in a control group, the film watchers later expressed less sympathy for domestic violence victims, and they rated the victims\' injuries as less severe. The violence-viewing effect demonstrated in this study was _____.

Accepted Answer

desensitization

Question 13

Taste aversion is a real-life example of _____ conditioning.

Accepted Answer

classical

Question 14

Learning that is not immediately demonstrated in overt behavior is called:

Accepted Answer

latent learning.

Question 15

The famous Bobo doll research was conducted by _____ and showed the power of _____.

Accepted Answer

Albert Bandura; observational learning

Question 16

_____ learning is learning that is not demonstrated until one is motivated to perform the behavior.

Accepted Answer

Latent

Question 17

One chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward. The first chimp then imitates how the second chimp solved the puzzle. This best illustrates:

Accepted Answer

observational learning.

Question 18

_____ occurs when an animal\'s inborn behavior patterns interfere with the operant conditioning of new behaviors.

Accepted Answer

Instinctive drift

Question 19

A mental representation of the layout of one\'s environment is called a(n) _____.

Accepted Answer

cognitive map

Question 20

According to the observational learning theory, when children have _____ models, they imitate helpful and positive behaviors.

Accepted Answer

prosocial

Question 21

The idea that an animal\'s natural behavior patterns did not matter and had little or no effect on the effectiveness of operant conditioning principles was challenged by research conducted by:

Accepted Answer

Keller and Marian Breland.

Question 22

A(n) _____ is a mental representation of the layout of one\'s environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned this kind of mental representation.

Accepted Answer

cognitive map

Question 23

According to the observational learning theory, when children have _____ models, they imitate the negative behaviors they see.

Accepted Answer

antisocial

Question 24

Which psychologist studied the development of taste aversions and how they could not be explained by the basic principles of classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

John Garcia

Question 25

In Robert Rescorla and Allan Wagner\'s (1972) classical conditioning experiment, one group of rats experienced a tone just before each of 20 shocks. A second group of rats experienced the same number of tone-shock pairings plus an additional 20 shocks with no tone. Rescorla found that the rats in the first group showed a much stronger conditioned fear response than the rats in the second group. How did Rescorla explain this finding?

Accepted Answer

An animal can learn the predictability of an event.

Question 26

Which factor would be the MOST important in the acquisition of aggressive behaviors through observational learning?

Accepted Answer

a person who commits violent acts but goes unpunished

Question 27

In a famous experiment, John Garcia gave novel food to one group of rats and familiar food to another group of rats. Then both groups of rats were made to vomit. According to Garcia\'s work, the rats given the _____ food would develop an aversion to their food.

Accepted Answer

novel

Question 28

The concept of latent learning helps to demonstrate that:

Accepted Answer

rewards affect performance of what has been learned rather than the process of learning itself.

Question 29

While watching the movie Field of Dreams, Lizette becomes very emotional during the scene when the main character gets emotional after he asks his father to play catch. This empathetic response can be partially attributed to her _____ neurons.

Accepted Answer

mirror

Question 30

In a series of experiments conducted by Elliot and Niesta (2008) in which subjects were shown photographs of women that controlled for other factors (such as the brightness of the image), men (but not women) found women more attractive and sexually desirable when framed in the color _____.

Accepted Answer

red

Question 31

Models who commit violent acts but go unpunished would lead to the _____ of aggressive behavior in an observer through the process of observational learning.

Accepted Answer

acquiring

Question 32

Behaviorist and learning researcher Gregory Kimble acknowledged that learning in animals is not just a matter of responding to the environment but it is limited by the animals\' _____ to learn associations that enhance their chances of survival.

Accepted Answer

predispositions

Question 33

In psychologist Robert Rescorla\'s classical conditioning experiment, one group of rats experienced a tone just before each of 20 shocks. A second group of rats experienced the same number of tone-shock pairings plus an additional 20 shocks with no tone. Rescorla found that the rats in the first group showed a much stronger conditioned fear response than the rats in the second group. How did Rescorla explain this finding?

Accepted Answer

The tone was a more reliable predictor of the shock for the first group of rats.

Question 34

The famous Bobo doll experiment was conducted by _____ and showed the power of observational learning.

Accepted Answer

Albert Bandura

Question 35

Which psychologist proposed a cognitive explanation of classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Robert Rescorla

Question 36

The process of learning and imitating behavior is called _____.

Accepted Answer

modeling

Question 37

Keller Breland and Marian Breland trained pigs to pick up large wooden \"dollars\" and deposit them in a piggy bank. Later, the pigs reverted to their natural behavior: dropping the coin, pushing it with their snouts, picking it up again, and then repeating the sequence, delaying their food reinforcer. The Brelands referred to the reason for this behavior as _____.

Accepted Answer

instinctive drift

Question 38

Latent learning is:

Accepted Answer

learning that is not demonstrated until one is motivated to perform the behavior.

Question 39

Learning by imitating the behavior of others is called observational learning, and the researcher best known for studying this type of learning is _____.

Accepted Answer

Bandura

Question 40

While humans are more biologically prepared to learn taste aversions to foods that made them sick, birds are more likely to be sensitive to the _____ of tainted food.

Accepted Answer

sight

Question 41

In a study conducted by Singer (et al. 2004) that utilized an fMRI, the pain imagined by an empathic romantic partner triggered some of the same brain activity experienced by the loved one actually having the pain. This study demonstrated that empathy is a function of _____.

Accepted Answer

mirror neurons

Question 42

The idea that an animal\'s natural behavior patterns did not matter and had little or no effect on the effectiveness of operant conditioning principles was challenged by research conducted by _____.

Accepted Answer

Keller and Marian Breland

Question 43

Although Skinner and other behaviorists did not think that it was necessary to refer to thoughts or expectations when explaining human learning, findings from experiments with rats suggest otherwise. Which finding suggests that cognitive processes are involved in operant learning?

Accepted Answer

Rats appear to experience latent learning while exploring mazes.

Question 44

_____ is the researcher who discovered mirror neurons through his experiments with monkeys.

Accepted Answer

Giacomo Rizzolatti

Question 45

The biological predisposition to perform natural behaviors that can interfere with learning operant behaviors is called _____.

Accepted Answer

instinctive drift

Question 46

Ten-year-old Zahid continually interrupts his teacher with jokes that make his fellow students laugh. The attention from the other students is an example of:

Accepted Answer

an extrinsic reward.

Question 47

By the age of _____ months, infants will imitate acts modeled on television.

Accepted Answer

14

Question 48

In a series of experiments conducted by Elliot and Niesta (2008) in which subjects were shown photographs of women that controlled for other factors (such as the brightness of the image), men (but not women) found women more attractive and sexually desirable when framed in the color:

Accepted Answer

red.

Question 49

A rat is allowed to explore a maze for several trials. On the last trial he finds a piece of food at the end of the maze. On the following trial his speed through the maze increases dramatically. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

latent learning.

Question 50

Which neurons fire both when a person performs an action and when the person sees the action done by another person?

Accepted Answer

mirror neurons

Question 51

Which example shows evidence that animals are predisposed to learn associations that help them adapt and survive in their environment?

Accepted Answer

birds being biologically primed to develop aversions to the sight of tainted food because they hunt by sight

Question 52

Behavior driven by rewards, rules, and responsibilities is to _____ as behavior motivated by enjoyment, satisfaction, or challenge is to _____.

Accepted Answer

extrinsic motivation; intrinsic motivation

Question 53

In the United States and Canada, _____ rates doubled between 1957 and 1974, coinciding with the introduction and spread of TV.

Accepted Answer

homicide

Question 54

Taste aversion is a real-life example of which type of learning?

Accepted Answer

classical conditioning

Question 55

An analysis of more than 3000 network and cable TV programs aired in the 1996-1997 season revealed that nearly 6 in 10 featured violence, 74 percent of the violence went unpunished, 58 percent did not show the victims\' pain, nearly half the incidents involved \"justified\" violence, and nearly half involved an attractive perpetrator. These conditions define the recipe for the _____ effect described in many studies.

Accepted Answer

violence-viewing

Question 56

Parents who model reading, helpful behavior, and nonviolent responses are likely to increase _____ behavior in their children.

Accepted Answer

prosocial

Question 57

If a parent wants to increase the amount of time a child spends reading as opposed to playing video games, the parent will need to increase the _____ of reading.

Accepted Answer

intrinsic motivation

Question 58

Children who are promised a payoff for playing with an interesting toy were later observed to play with the toy less than those who were not promised the reward. These findings provide support for the role of _____ in operant behavior.

Accepted Answer

cognitive processes

Question 59

Robert Rescorla\'s research demonstrated that in classical conditioning the more predictable the association, the stronger the conditioned response. It\'s as if the animal learns a(n) _____, which is how likely it is that the US will occur.

Accepted Answer

expectancy

Question 60

_____ behavior is behavior that is harmful, destructive, and/or violent.

Accepted Answer

Antisocial

Question 61

During their first 18 years, most children in developed countries spend more time watching TV than they spend in _____.

Accepted Answer

school

Question 62

In a study conducted by Singer (et al., 2004) that utilized an fMRI, the pain imagined by an empathic romantic partner triggered some of the same brain activity experienced by the loved one actually having the pain. This study demonstrated that empathy is a function of:

Accepted Answer

mirror neurons.

Question 63

Mirror neurons help children to develop empathy and the ability to infer another\'s mental state. This ability is known as:

Accepted Answer

the theory of mind.

Question 64

Which statement best describes instinctive drift?

Accepted Answer

The biological predisposition to perform natural behaviors can interfere with learning operant behaviors.

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