Biology Chapter 9-10 Study Guide – Flashcards
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Diploid:
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Cell condition in which two of each type of chromosome are present.
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Haploid:
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Cell condition in which only one of each type of chromosome is present.
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Cell Division:
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Is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells
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Replication:
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In eukaryotes, the point where two parental DNA strands separate to allow replication.
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Cytokinesis:
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The division of the cytoplasm following mitosis or meiosis.
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Mitosis:
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Process in which a parent nucleus produces two daughter nuclei, each having the same number and kinds of chromosomes as the parent nucleus.
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Parent Cell:
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A cell that is the source of other cells, as a cell that divides to produce two or more daughter cells, or a stem cell that is a progenitor of other cells or is the first in a line of developing cells.
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Daughter Cell:
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Either of the two cells formed when a cell undergoes cell division by mitosis. Daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cell because they contain the same number and type of chromosomes.
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Kinetochore:
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An assembly of proteins that attaches to the centromere of a chromosome during mitosis.
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Spindle Fibers:
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They form a protein structure that divides the genetic material in a cell. The spindle is necessary to equally divide the chromosomes in a parental cell into two daughter cells during both types of nuclear division: mitosis and meiosis.
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Chromatid:
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Following replication a chromosome consists of a pair of sister chromatids, each a single DNA helix, held together at the centromere. Following separation, each chromosome is a single chromatid.
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Centromere:
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Constriction where sister chromatids of a chromosome are held together.
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Chromosome:
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An observable structure that results when chromatin condenses and coils.
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Cleavage Furrow:
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The final splitting of the membrane, in the process of cell division, and it occurs during the first stage of animal development.
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Cell Plate:
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Structure across a dividing plant cell that signals the location of a new plasma membranes and cell walls.
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Somatic Cells:
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Body cell, excludes cells that undergo meiosis and become sperm or egg.
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Centrosome:
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The central microtubule organizing center of cells. In animal cells, it contains two centrioles.
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Chromatin:
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Network of DNA strands and associated proteins observed within a nucleus that is not dividing.
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Sister Chromatids:
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They are pieces of identical DNA that are crucial in the process of cell replication and division.
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Carcinogen:
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Environmental agent that causes mutations leading to the development of cancer.
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Apoptosis:
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Programmed cell death involving a cascade of specific cellular events leading to death and destruction of the cell.
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Interphase:
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Is the phase of the cell cycle in which a typical cell spends most of its life. During this phase, the cell copies its DNA in preparation for mitosis.
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G1 Stage (Growth):
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-Recovery from previous mitosis. -Cell increases in size. -Organelles are added. -More cell machinery made in preparation for cell division.
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S Stage (Synthesis):
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DNA is replicated, each DNA strand makes identical copies of itself and they are held together by a centromere.
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G2 Stage:
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Cell makes proteins needed to divide and make two new cells.
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M (Mitotic) Stage:
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Occurs in the 2nd part of the cell cycle. Mitosis and Cytokinesis are included in this stage.
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Signaling Factors:
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Control the stages of cell division.
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There are checkpoints in the cell cycle:
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-2 (interphase) 1 (m stage) -These checkpoints are controlled by proteins called cyclins.
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If there is a problem during a stage:
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-The cell can repair itself. -Apoptosis programmed self destruction controlled by enzymes called capeses.
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4 Phases of Mitosis:
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-Prophase -Metaphase -Anaphase -Telophase
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Prophase:
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During prophase, the complex of DNA and proteins contained in the nucleus, known as chromatin, condenses.
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Metaphase:
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During metaphase, the cell's chromosomes align themselves in the middle of the cell through a type of cellular "tug of war."
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Anaphase:
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The process in which the daughter chromosomes move away from each other to opposite ends of the cell.
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Telophase:
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The process in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed.
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Stem Cells:
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Early formed cells that can change into specialized cells over time.
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2 actions using stem cells:
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Reproductive Cloning: A cell is turned into a new individual exactly like the one who donated the cell. Therapeutic Cloning: It uses stem cells to replace diseased cells and help people get well.
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Cancer:
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The uncontrolled mitosis.
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Benign:
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Non spreading, contained in sac.
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Malignant:
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The power to threaten life. Spread by cells.
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Metastasis:
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Spread of cancer from the place of origin throughout the body, caused by the ability of cancer cells to migrate and invade tissues.
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Characteristics of Cancer Cells:
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-Cancer cells lack differentiation. -They lack a normal nuclei. -They do not undergo apoptosis. -They undergo metastasis and angiogenesis.
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Carcinogenic Factors:
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-Heredity -Radiation -Pesticide -Viruses
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Things that happen after the chromatids reach the poles:
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-Spindle Fibers shorten. -Cleavage Furrow forms Cytokinesis in animal cells. -Nucleus reappears. -Nucleolus reappear.
