Biology Chapter 8 Vocabulary Answers – Flashcards
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Bacteriophage
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A type of virus that takes over a bacterium's genetic machinery and directs it to make more viruses
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Nucleotides
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Monomers that make up DNA
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Double helix
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Two strands of DNA wind around each other like a twisted ladder
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Base pairing rules
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Thymine always pairs with Adenine, and Cytosine always pairs with Guanine
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Replication
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The process by which DNA is copied during the cell cycle
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DNA polymerases
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A group of enzymes that bonds new nucleotides together
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Central dogma
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Information flows in one direction, from DNA to RNA to proteins
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RNA
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Ribonucleic acid
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Transcription
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The process of copying a sequence of DNA to produce a complementary strand of RNA
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RNA polymerases
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Enzymes that bond nucleotides together in a chain to make a new RNA molecule
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Messenger RNA (mRNA)
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Intermediate message that is translated to form a protein
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Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
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Forms part of ribosomes, a cell's protein factories
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Transfer RNA (tRNA)
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Brings amino acids from the cytoplasm to a ribosome to help make the growing protein
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Translation
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The process that converts an mRNA message into a polypeptide
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Condon
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A three-nucleotide sequence that codes for amino acids
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Stop condons
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Signal the end of the amino acid chain
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Start condon
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Signals the start of translation and the amino acid methionine
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Anticondon
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A set of three nucleotides that is complementary to an mRNA condon
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Promoter
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A DNA segment that allows a gene to be transcribed
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Operon
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A region of DNA that includes a promoter, an operator, and one or more structural genes that code for all the proteins needed to do a specific task
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Exons
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Nucleotide segments that code for parts of the protein
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Introns
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Nucleotide segments that intervene between exons
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Mutation
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A change in an organism's DNA
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Point mutation
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A mutation in which one nucleotide is substituted for another
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Frameshift mutation
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Involves the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide in the DNA sequnce
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Mutagens
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Agents in the environment that can change DNA
