question

the evolutionary history of a species or group of species

answer

phylogeney

question

a discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships

answer

systematics

question

the first part of a binomial is the ____ and second is the ______

answer

genus specific epithet

question

order of the linnaean system

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species genus family order class phylum kingdom domain

question

the taxonomic name at each level of hierarchy is called a _____

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taxon

question

the evolutionary history of a group of organisms can be represented in a branching diagram called a __________

answer

phylogenetic tree

question

only names groups that include a common ancestor and all of its descendants

answer

phylocode

question

on a phylogenetic tree the place where 2 evolutionary lineages diverge from a common ancestor

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branch point

question

on an evolutionary tree when groups of organisms share an immediate common ancestor

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sister taxa

question

when a phylogenetic tree has a branch point that represents the most common ancestor of all the taxa in the tree

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rooted

question

refers to a lineage that diverges early in the history of a group

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basal taxon

question

a branch point from which more than 2 descendant groups emerge

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polytomy

question

another word for analagous structures

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homoplasies

question

the discipline that uses data from DNA and other molecules to determine evolutionary relationships

answer

molecular systematics

question

in the approach to systematics, common ancestry is the primary criterion used to classify organisms

answer

cladistics

question

group consisting of an ancestral species and all its descendants

answer

clades

question

a clade can only be equal to a taxon if its ___________ meaning that it consists of an ancestral species and all of its descendants

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monophyletic

question

a group that consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of its descendants

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paraphyletic

question

group which includes taxa with different ancestors

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polyphyletic

question

a character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon

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shared ancestral character

question

an evolutionary novelty unique to a clade

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shared derived character

question

the _________ is a species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is know to have diverged before the lineage that includes the species we are studying, the _______

answer

outgroup ingroup

question

found in different species, and their divergence traces back to the speciation events that produced them. very common and widespread ;arose from common descent

answer

orthologous genes

question

an example of orthologous genes...code for an electron transport chain protein

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cytochrome gene

question

its homology results from gene duplication. multiple copies of these genes have diverged from one another; this can evolve quickly

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paralogous gene

question

an example of paralogous genes

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olfactory receptor genes

question

a yardstick for measuring the absolute time of evolutionary change based on the observation that some genes and other regions of genomes appear to evolve at constant rates

answer

molecular clock

question

theory that much evolutionary change in genes and proteins has no effect on fitness and therefore is not influenced by natural selection

answer

neutral theory

question

process in which genes are transferred from one genome to another through mechanisms such as exchange of transposable elements and plasmids, viral infection, and perhaps fusion of organisms

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horizontal gene transfer

question

do kindly put the cat out for goodness sakes

answer

help me remember the hierarchy

question

who created the 3-domain system

answer

Carl Woese

question

the common ancestor of all life

answer

progenote

question

archea is most closely related to ____

answer

eukarya

question

proposed system of classification of organisms based on evolutionary relationships: only names groups that include a common ancestor

answer

phylocode

question

there are _______ different ways to arrange __ species into a phylogenetic tree

answer

3x10*76

question

assumes that the tree that requires the fewest evolutionary events is the most likely right tree

answer

maximum parsimony

question

another word for maximum parsimony

answer

occam's razor

question

based on a given set of rules about how DNA changes over time, a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events.

answer

maximum likelihood

question

prediction that features shared by two groups of close relatives allows us to predict features of an ancestor from features of its descendants

answer

phylogenetic bracketing

question

mitochondrial and Ribosomal rna genes are used in ________

answer

molecular systematics

question

orthologous genes are very ______ and can extend for ______ of years

answer

common extend

question

loblolly pine trees and mouse-ear cress have about _____ percent orthologous genes

answer

50

question

problems with molecular clocks

answer

random mutation, periods of no mutation and spikes of mutation, natural selection causes DNA changes that are favored over others,

question

HIV descended from a virus that infected other ______. it has spread to humans more than ______. Evolves in a ______ fashion. first infection somewhere around ___.

answer

primates once clock-like 1930

question

if you wanted to determine the lineage of plants that have evolved on a relatively young archipelago---approximately 15,000 years old. what type of nucleic acid should you compare?

answer

mtDNA

question

orthologous genes and paralogous genes fall under the umbrella of ______

answer

homology

question

how would rmax be expected to change with an increase in generation time?

answer

decrease

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