question

A sperm and egg are each _________. They fuse during fertilization to produce a _________ cell.

answer

haploid; diploid

question

A gametophyte produces ____________ and a sporophyte produces ____________ .

answer

gametes; spores

question

Which type of cell division is used during the production of spores?

answer

meiosis

question

Which of the following correctly defines alternation of generations?

answer

life stages that cycle between haploid and diploid phases

question

The first stage of the diploid generation is the __________.

answer

zygote

question

In the process of ____, a plant lengthens upward toward sunlight

answer

primary growth

question

All growth of a flowering plant takes place within specialized tissues called ___.

answer

meristems

question

The growth rings of a tree occur during ____, the thickening of a plant over many growing seasons.

answer

secondary growth

question

____ are plants that grow and produce seeds for many seasons before they die.

answer

Perennials

question

___ are plants that sprout from a seed, grow, flower, and die all in one growing season.

answer

annuals

question

____ are plants that sprout from a seed and grow in their first season, and then produce seeds and fruit and die in the next growing season.

answer

biennials

question

Most fungi are multicellular, and all fungi obtain nutrients by absorption.

answer

true

question

Can you identify the plant group to which each of these organisms belongs?

answer

NOT a plant -charophyte algae Nonvascular plant -bryophyte -moss Seedless vascular plant -fern Gymnosperm -conifer -pine tree Angiosperm -pear tree -purple coneflower

question

The ___ is the tissue system that forms a layer of outer protection for the plant (analogous to human skin).

answer

dermal tissue system

question

The ___ is the tissue system that forms a long-distance transportation system for the plant (analogous to the human circulatory system).

answer

vascular tissue system

question

The ___ is the tissue system that is the bulk of the plant, containing tissues that do not belong to the other two tissue systems.

answer

ground tissue system

question

Water-conducting cells form a tissue called the ___.

answer

xylem

question

Cells that conduct sugars and other nutrients from a tissue called the ___.

answer

phloem

question

The ___ are small pores in the dermal tissue system that allow for gas exchange.

answer

stomata

question

The ___ control the openings of the gas-exchanging pores in the dermal tissue system.

answer

guard cells

question

The ground tissue of a leaf, which is the primary site of photosynthesis, is called ___.

answer

mesophyll

question

What is the order in which the four major groups of plants evolved, from the most ancient to the most recent origin?

answer

bryophytes, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, angiosperms

question

___ describes the tendency of water molecules to stick to each other.

answer

Cohesion

question

___ describes the process by which water is lost from plants by evaporation.

answer

Transpiration

question

___ describes the tendency of water molecules to stick to the fibers of plant cell walls.

answer

adhesion

question

Drag each plant feature into the appropriate bin depending on whether it is a feature of monocots or eudicots.

answer

monocot -root system is short and spread outflower -petals in multiples of 3 parallel leaf veins -one cotyledon seed leaf eudicot -branched leaf veins -root system is deep and narrow -flower petals in multiples of 4 or 5 -two cotyledon seed leaves

question

Fungicides are used to treat fungal diseases of plants. However, experts have warned gardeners that application of a fungicide can sometimes kill the plant as well as the fungal disease. Propose an explanation for how this might happen.

answer

Fungicides might kill fungi that are part of the plant's mycorrhizae.

question

What structure of angiosperms attracts animals as a way to disperse seeds?

answer

fruit

question

The terminal sperm-producing flower part is the _____; if a pollen grain is lucky, it will land on the terminal female part of the flower, the _____.

answer

anther ... stigma

question

In flowering plants, the main visible plant body is the _____.

answer

diploid sporophyte

question

What part of a flowering plant develops to form the fruit?

answer

Ovary cells develop to form the fruit.

question

Double fertilization is unique to flowering plants. How does it work?

answer

A pollen grain delivers two sperm. One fertilizes the egg, and the other combines with two haploid nuclei to form the triploid endosperm.

question

What is a seed composed of?

answer

an embryo, the endosperm (food supply), and the seed coat

question

What group of plants provides most of our food?

answer

angiosperms

question

What is the primary component of fungal cell walls?

answer

chitin

question

An ___ is the point on a stem where a leaf attaches.

answer

node

question

How big is the range of soil degradation observed between continents?

answer

about 15%

question

Which continent likely represents the largest absolute land area experiencing degradation?

answer

Asia

question

For which continents is land degradation having the least impact on global grain production?

answer

Africa and South America

question

Suppose you are advising the UN on global soil conservation projects. Limited resources force you to focus all your efforts on only one continent. Based on the information in the graph, which continent would you focus on so as to have the greatest impact on global grain production?

answer

Asia

question

Which continent has the largest proportion of land with more than moderate degradation?

answer

Africa

question

Assume that these categories represent a progression of degradation through time. In other words, if left unchecked, lightly degraded soil progresses into moderately degraded soil and so forth. Which continent poses the greatest concern for future loss of agricultural productivity?

answer

Europe

question

The most important adaptation that differentiates angiosperms from other types of plants is their __________.

answer

flowers

question

You work in plant genetic engineering and wish to develop a tree that will make burls. Which of the following tissues should you focus on?

answer

bud

question

Why are burls so coveted?

answer

For their unique patterns

question

The bark of a tree protects its living layer. What is this layer?

answer

cambium

question

You find someone in Redwood National Park selling burls and fear they were obtained illegally. Which federal agency would be best for you to contact?

answer

National Park Service

question

Which of the following is true?

answer

Demand for redwood burls is worldwide.

question

Which of the following does moss need to remain lush and green?

answer

light

question

You are a botanist and you obtain some moss from the Canadian permafrost. Based on this recent study, what should you do to try to successfully revive your sample?

answer

Put it under a light and water it.

question

As of the writing of this article, which of the following had been revived after being dormant for the longest time?

answer

bacterium

question

A team of scientists finds all of the following frozen from various locations. Which of them is most likely going to be able to be revived using currently available technology?

answer

Seed from a flowering plant

question

The majority of scientists agree that in order to successfully clone a mammoth, which of the following would be needed?

answer

Intact mammoth DNA.

question

In gymnosperms, female cones produce ovules while male cones produce pollen

answer

True

question

In what way are plants similar to algae?

answer

Both can do photosynthesis.

question

Scientists contend that humans and modern apes are related. What specifically does that mean?

answer

If you traced the ancestry of humans and apes, you would at some point arrive at a shared ancestor that was neither a modern ape nor a human.

question

About how many years ago did the lineages leading to chimpanzees and modern humans become separated?

answer

5 million years

question

What was the first key hominid trait to appear in the fossil record?

answer

bipedalism, as indicated by skeletal structure

question

What traits were present in early Homo habilis, the first representatives of the genus Homo?

answer

bipedalism, moderate brain size, and tool use

question

Currently, we humans are the only hominid species on Earth. This situation _____.

answer

is relatively recent. For most of hominid history there were multiple coexisting hominid species.

question

One key adaptation of animals was the evolution of a(n) ____, a fluid-filled gap between the outer wall of the body and the outer wall of the digestive system.

answer

body cavity

question

All animals are ___, organisms with cells that are relatively large, complex, and contain membrane-enclosed organelles such as the nucleus.

answer

eukaryotes

question

All animals except sponges have ___, groups of cells that work together to perform a specific function.

answer

tissues

question

All animals eat other organisms in order to gain building materials for the body. This makes them ____, since they obtain necessary energy and chemical building blocks from the environment.

answer

heterotrophs

question

Cnidarians are the only animal phylum to display ____ meaning that their bodies can be divided any way through the center point to yield two even halves.All other adult animals display ____ , meaning that their bodies can only be sliced lengthwise through the midline to produce two even halves.

answer

radial symmetry; bilateral symmetry

question

The 150-million-year-old Archaeopteryx fossil has birdlike features such as feathered wings, but it also has characteristics that we associate with living reptiles. Which of the following are considered reptilian characteristics of Archaeopteryx?

answer

-claws on the ends of each digit in the "hands" -teeth in the jaws -long, bony tail

question

Which discovery ultimately overturned the prevailing perception that all dinosaurs were large, slow, and lumbering?

answer

the small theropod dinosaur Deinonychus, which had a large sickle-shaped claw on each of its hind limbs

question

Which of the following shared characteristics of living birds and theropod dinosaurs provided support to the hypothesis that birds evolved from dinosaurs?

answer

-birds and theropods have S-shaped necks -birds and many theropods have feathers -birds and theropods have hollow bones that are strong, but light -birds and many theropods have a wishbone (or furcula)

question

How did Dr. Jack Horner's discovery of dinosaur nesting grounds support the hypothesis that birds evolved from a group of dinosaurs?

answer

it provided evidence that dinosaurs raised and cared for their young in colonies like many birds

question

A key characteristic of modern birds is flight powered by feathered wings. Which of the following pieces of evidence support the hypothesis that the first feathers served a purpose other than flight?

answer

some feathered theropods were not capable of flight

question

Which of the following statements about bird evolution are accurate based on the evidence presented?

answer

-Feathers may have originally evolved for insulation -Feathers may have originally evolved for interspecies communication and display.

question

Why was the discovery of organisms, such as Archaeopteryx, that have a mix of traits usually associated with two different groups considered validation of Darwin's theory of evolution?

answer

the discovery provided evidence that species descend with modification from other species

question

Which of the following is true?

answer

Bats serve as a reservoir for Ebola, but do not themselves get the disease.

question

You study echolocation in animals. What type of bats would be best for your research?

answer

Only microbats.

question

Which of the following is true?

answer

As metabolism increases, free radicals also increase.

question

It is currently hypothesized that bats do not get cancer for which of the following reasons?

answer

Bat DNA has the ability to repair itself after malignant mutations.

question

What effect does white-nose syndrome have on bats?

answer

It increases the amount of energy they burn.

question

Which of the following features are common to most, or all, animals?

answer

-typically diploid -mulitcellular -heterotrophic -ingest food

question

You are a fisheries biologist for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. If upcoming years are like 2015, which of the following are you most likely to find in Puget Sound?

answer

pink salmon

question

Which of the following is true?

answer

Salmon depend on both fresh and marine water.

question

Your community decides to put a dam on a local river. Which of the following is most likely to happen?

answer

Water temperature in the river will increase.

question

Which of the following was initially the most damaging to U.S. salmon populations?

answer

overfishing

question

Which of the following is true?

answer

Legally, both wild-caught and hatchery-raised salmon can be eaten.

question

The animal phyla can be divided into three separate clades based on what character?

answer

the symmetry of the body

question

Which of the following is true?

answer

Chimpanzees and bonobos share a common ancestor with humans.

question

You are a primatologist. Which of the following would be the most unusual for you to observe in the wild?

answer

Three female chimpanzees taking food from two male chimpanzees.

question

Assuming they behave as in the wild, which of the following bonobos would have the highest status in a zoo?

answer

An older female.

question

You are on an ecological tour. Seeing which of the following would lead you to believe that you are seeing a troop of bonobos?

answer

An adolescent male with his mother.

question

In order to save bonobos from extinction, where is it most critical to protect habitat?

answer

Democratic Republic of Congo

question

All animals are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes. T/F?

answer

true

question

A(n) ___ is an animal that has a backbone in addition to displaying the four features of all chordates.

answer

vertebrate

question

One of the features shared by all chordates is a(n)____, a flexible rod that runs along the top side of the back.

answer

notochord

question

A(n) ___ is an animal that lacks a backbone and may or may not have all of the chordate features.

answer

invertebrate

question

The phylum ___ contains animals that share four specific anatomical features, including a hollow nerve cord and a tail.

answer

chordate

question

A(n) ___ is an example of an animal that is a chordate but not a vertebrate.

answer

lancelet

question

All vertebrates have a(n) ___, an internal system of bones (in your case, 206 bones)

answer

endoskeleton

question

For dinner, you have pasta with tomato sauce and meatballs, with cheese sprinkled on top. Which of these four is most likely to have been produced without bees?

answer

pasta

question

The main functional unit, or super organism, of a honeybee hive is the __________.

answer

colony

question

The continued decline of bees in the United States is most likely due to __________.

answer

many factors, including viral, bacterial, and fungal infections and improper use of pesticides

question

In parts of Asia, many fruit crops are pollinated by hand using feathers. This human method of pollination is used because __________

answer

overuse of pesticides has greatly reduced the populations of bees

question

Which of the following scenarios will most likely produce the most sustainable method of pollinating crops?

answer

Include strips of wildflowers within and around an apple orchard.

question

You are a veterinarian testing for contagious equine metritis. Which of the following do you sample?

answer

Blood from female horses.

question

Who is in charge of making sure contagious equine metritis does not enter the United States?

answer

United States Department of Agriculture

question

If a mare is infected with contagious equine metritis, which of the following will be impacted?

answer

her fertility

question

If trends continue, which of the following will happen in the United States?

answer

Occasional outbreaks of contagious equine metritis affecting a small number of horses.

question

Which of the following would be required to have their horse tested for contagious equine metritis?

answer

Anyone importing a horse from Germany

question

These specialized structures are unique to the cnidarians

answer

stinging cells

question

A group of animals called ____ have several adaptations for living on land but must return to the water to breed.

answer

amphibians

question

A four-limbed, land-dwelling vertebrate is generally known as a(n) ___

answer

tetrapod

question

A(n) ___ is an organism that generates heat within its body; a(n) ___ is an organism that must obtain heat from the environment.

answer

endotherm; ectotherm

question

Adaptations that evolved in the group of animals called the ___ have allowed them to complete their life cycles entirely on land

answer

reptiles

question

The ___, a key adaptation for reptiles, has a waterproof shell that encloses the embryo and its life-support system.

answer

amniotic egg

question

Mammals belong to the same phylum as lancelets. T/F?

answer

true

question

Which of the following traits can be used to differentiate humans from our closest living primate relatives?

answer

-extensive tool use -bipedality (the ability to walk exclusively on two legs) -large brain size

question

Louis and Mary Leakey found two different fossil hominid skulls at Olduvai. Which of the following statements about the skulls is true?

answer

The second skull represented a species more closely related to modern humans than the first skull's species.

question

Which of the following statements supports the conclusion that the common ancestor of modern chimps and modern humans lived around 7 million years ago?

answer

Analysis of modern human and modern chimpanzee protein and DNA sequences suggests that their lineages diverged about 7 million years ago.

question

Which of the following anatomical features of the 3.2-million-year-old Australopithecus fossil known as "Lucy" suggest she was a bipedal hominid?

answer

a much shorter hip bone that is broader from front to back and wraps around the side

question

How do scientists know that the hominid called "Ardi" is about 4.4 million years old?

answer

by using radiometric dating techniques on the volcanic deposits found above and below the layer containing Ardi

question

What did scientists learn from other fossils found in the same sediment layer as Ardi?

answer

Ardi lived in a woodland habitat

question

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding human evolution?

answer

-The first humans evolved in Africa. -In the latest phase of human evolution, there has been a greater reliance on culture. -The fossil record contains creatures with features that are intermediate between those of modern humans and quadrupedal apes.

question

Which of the following is human's closest living relative?

answer

Chimpanzees

question

Which subgroup of mammals raises their young in pouches?

answer

Marsupials

question

Echinoderms use seawater instead of blood in their circulatory systems. T/F?

answer

true

question

A newly-recognized species called an "olinguito" was first announced to the public in 2013. The olinguito is found in high Andean forests, has reddish-orange fur, and is active mostly at night. Females give birth to one baby at a time. Olinguito young are born as full size embryos. The new species appears to be the smallest member of the raccoon family. This newly recognized species is a(n) __________.

answer

eutherian Eutherians are placental mammals that give birth to full size young.

question

Why doesn't Dr. Logan feel the bed bug feeding on him?

answer

The bed bug injects an anesthetic as it feeds.

question

What makes bed bugs different than most other blood-feeding parasites?

answer

Bed bugs prefer humans over other hosts.

question

Many blood-feeding parasites carry diseases but bed bugs do not. What is the most logical explanation for this?

answer

The infectious agent is inactivated within the gut of the bed bug.

question

Why do we often get an itchy red bump after being bitten by a bed bug?

answer

The proteins injected by the bed bug trigger an inflammatory response in the human body.

question

Bed bugs probably evolved from bat bugs. Which statement best describes how this likely happened?

answer

There were two populations of bat bugs, one feeding on humans, and one on bats. Reproductive isolation, mutation, and natural selection led to speciation.

question

What does the bed bug illustrate in regards to evolution?

answer

Speciation can occur in just a few thousand years.

question

Some scientists are conducting research on the "saliva" of bed bugs. Which of the following is the most logical medical benefit from this research?

answer

Using the anticoagulant to prevent blood clots in humans.

question

Except for modern ethnic groups in ______, the majority of humans appear to have traces of Neanderthal DNA in their genome.

answer

Africa

question

Research confirms that Neanderthal DNA makes up about ____ of the modern human genome.

answer

4%

question

DNA was isolated from Neanderthal ____ and sequenced so that it could be compared to modern human DNA.

answer

bone fragments

question

Mating is believed to have taken place between modern humans and Neanderthals in ____ about 70,000 years ago.

answer

the Middle East

question

The Neanderthal DNA discovered in Homo sapiens is best explained by ____.

answer

gene flow

question

Out of the 3 worm phyla, ___ have segmented bodies; flatworms and roundworms do not.

answer

annelids

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