Biology Ch. 8 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
1. What molecule holds instructions for the synthesis of proteins and copies itself for the next generation of cells? A. ATP synthase B. DNA C. RNA D. NAD E. FAD
answer
B. DNA
question
2. DNA's sugar-phosphate backbones are joined with A. ionic bonds. B. hydrogen bonds. C. weak chemical bonds. D. covalent bonds.
answer
D. Covalent bonds
question
3. Strands of DNA are joined by A. hydrogen bonds. B. covalent bonds. C. ionic bonds. D. phosphodiester bonds.
answer
A. Hydrogen bonds
question
4. The genome of an organism is all of its A. proteins. B. RNA. C. characteristics. D. genetic material. E. All answers are correct.
answer
D. Genetic material
question
5. The process by which DNA reproduces itself is A. protein synthesis. B. aerobic respiration. C. replication. D. substrate-phosphorylation. E. photosynthesis.
answer
C. Replication
question
6. The enzyme that unwinds DNA is A. helicase. B. interphase. C. DNA polymerase. D. prophase. E. ligase.
answer
A. Helicase
question
7. The enzyme that adds nucleotides to form new strands of DNA is A. interphase. B. prophase. C. ligase. D. helicase. E. DNA polymerase.
answer
E. DNA polymerase
question
8. Mutations may be caused by A. errors in prokaryotic replication. B. exposure to radiation. C. exposure to chemicals. D. errors in eukaryotic replication. E. All answers are correct.
answer
E. All answers are correct
question
9. Apoptosis is also called A. replication. B. mitosis. C. programmed cell death. D. the cell cycle. E. programmed cellular reproduction.
answer
C. Programmed cell death
question
10. Before a cell divides, it must first duplicate its entire A. cytoplasmic contents. B. cell membrane structure. C. array of enzymes. D. genome. E. cell wall.
answer
D. Genome
question
11. A discrete package of super-coiled DNA and associated proteins in eukaryotes is a A. chromosome. B. nucleus. C. ribosome. D. Golgi body. E. centriole.
answer
A. Chromosomes
question
12. A nucleosome consists of A. a stretch of DNA and histones. B. a stretch of DNA only. C. a stretch of RNA only. D. a stretch of RNA and a ribosome. E. histones only.
answer
A. A stretch of DNA and histones
question
13. Eukaryotic chromosomes become visible with a light microscope before cell division because A. they become less tightly wound. B. they become more tightly wound. C. they increase in length. D. they leave the cell. E. they increase in length and leave the cell.
answer
B. they become more tightly wound.
question
14. One of two identical attached copies of a replicated chromosome defines the term A. centromere. B. chromatin. C. chromosome. D. nucleosome. E. chromatid.
answer
E. Chromatid
question
15. A part of a chromosome that attaches sister chromatids to each other defines the term A. chromatin. B. nucleosome. C. centromere. D. histone. E. None of the answers are correct
answer
C. Centromere
question
16. DNA and associated proteins in the nucleus defines the term A. centromere. B. nucleosome. C. histone. D. chromatin. E. chromosome.
answer
D. Chromatin
question
17. A discrete continuous molecule of condensed DNA wrapped around proteins describes the term A. nucleosome. B. chromosome. C. centromere. D. histone. E. genome.
answer
B. chromosome
question
18. Sister chromatids are A. genetically identical and attached to each other at the centromere. B. genetically different and attached to each other at the centromere. C. genetically different. D. genetically identical. E. always fighting over the mirror.
answer
A. genetically identical and attached to each other at the centromere
question
19. The process by which a sperm cell combines with an egg cell is A. fertilization. B. recombination. C. replication. D. mitosis. E. germination.
answer
A. Fertilization
question
20. Mitosis is used for all of the following except A. repair of damaged cells. B. growth of an organism. C. asexual reproduction. D. formation of gametes. E. production of genetically-identical daughter cells.
answer
D. formation of gametes.
question
21. Meiosis is a process used for A. repair of damaged cells. B. growth of an organism. C. asexual reproduction. D. production of stem cells. E. production of gametes.
answer
E. production of gametes
question
22. The two main stages of the eukaryotic cell cycle are A. interphase and cytokinesis. B. interphase and mitosis. C. mitosis and cytokinesis. D. interphase and prophase. E. mitosis and meiosis.
answer
B. interphase and mitosis
question
23. The splitting of a cell into two daughter cells in the eukaryotic cell cycle is A. mitosis. B. interphase. C. cytokinesis. D. metaphase. E. anaphase.
answer
C. cytokinesis
question
24. The division of the nucleus during the eukaryotic cell cycle is A. mitosis. B. interphase. C. synthesis. D. cytokinesis. E. replication.
answer
A. Mitosis
question
25. The replication of DNA during the eukaryotic cell cycle occurs during A. mitosis. B. cytokinesis. C. prophase. D. telophase. E. interphase.
answer
E. Interphase
question
26. The correct sequence for the phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle is A. interphase - prophase - metaphase - anaphase - telophase - cytokinesis. B. interphase - metaphase - anaphase - telophase. C. prophase - anaphase - metaphase - telophase. D. interphase - prophase - cytokinesis - anaphase - telophase. E. metaphase - anaphase - interphase - prophase - telophase - cytokinesis.
answer
A. interphase - prophase - metaphase - anaphase - telophase - cytokinesis.
question
27. The correct sequence for the phases of mitosis is A. interphase - prophase - metaphase - anaphase - telophase - cytokinesis. B. interphase - prophase - metaphase - anaphase - telophase. C. metaphase - anaphase - prophase - telophase. D. prophase - metaphase - cytokinesis - anaphase - telophase. E. prophase - metaphase - anaphase - telophase.
answer
E. prophase - metaphase - anaphase - telophase.
question
28. The component of the cytoskeleton that attaches to the chromosomes in order to pull and separate them is the A. Golgi apparatus. B. centromere. C. centrosome. D. mitotic spindle. E. kinetochore.
answer
D. Mitotic spindle
question
29. The structure that organizes the protein subunits of the mitotic spindle is the A. centromere. B. kinetochore. C. centrosome. D. cytoskeleton. E. microfilaments
answer
C. centrosome
question
30. The phase of mitosis in which the nuclear envelope breaks into small pieces is A. prophase. B. metaphase. C. anaphase. D. interphase. E. telophase.
answer
A. Prophase
question
31. The phase of mitosis in which the centromeres split and sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell is A. prophase. B. anaphase. C. interphase. D. metaphase. E. telophase.
answer
B. anaphase
question
32. The phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes are aligned along the equator of the cell is A. metaphase. B. prophase. C. interphase. D. anaphase. E. telophase.
answer
A. Metaphase
question
33. The phase of mitosis in which the nuclear envelope begins to reform around chromosomes is A. prophase. B. interphase. C. metaphase. D. anaphase. E. telophase.
answer
E. Telophase
question
34. The phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes condense and centrosomes move to opposite poles of the cell is A. interphase. B. metaphase. C. prophase. D. anaphase. E. telophase.
answer
C. Prophase
question
35. The first sign of cytokinesis in an animal cell is the formation of a A. cell plate. B. cleavage furrow. C. cell wall. D. nucleolus. E. nuclear envelope.
answer
B. cleavage furrow
question
36. The first sign of cytokinesis in a plant cell is the formation of a A. nuclear envelope. B. nucleolus. C. cleavage furrow. D. cell plate. E. spindle fiber.
answer
D. Cell plate
question
37. In an asexual life cycle, cells reproduce by A. meiosis. B. fertilization. C. meiosis and fertilization. D. mitosis. E. All answers are correct.
answer
D. Mitosis
question
38. In a sexual life cycle, a zygote (fertilized egg) grows to an adult by A. meiosis. B. fertilization. C. meiosis and fertilization. D. mitosis. E. All answers are correct
answer
D. Mitosis
question
39. How does the space between our fingers arise? A. The cells form by apoptosis. B. Mitosis of the cells is blocked. C. The cells die by apoptosis. D. Meiosis of the cells is blocked. E. The cells become part of the fingers.
answer
C. The cells die by apoptosis
question
40. If one strand of a DNA molecule has the base sequence of 5' ATGTGCC 3' the complementary strand of DNA will read A. 3' ATGTGCC 5'. B. 3' TACACGG 5'. C. 3' UACACGG 5'. D. 3' CGTGTAA 5'. E. 3' GGCACAT 5'.
answer
B. 3' TACACGG 5'.
question
41. If one strand of a DNA molecule has the base sequence of 5' CGGCATTA 3' the complementary strand of DNA will read A. 3' CGGCATTA 5'. B. 3' ATTACGGC 5'. C. 3' GCCGTUUT 5'. D. 3' GCCGTAAT 5'. E. 3' TAATGCCG 5'.
answer
D. 3' GCCGTAAT 5'.
question
42. If a mutation causes the "T" base in the base sequence 5' AGTCCG 3' to be read as a "G" base, DNA replication of the mutated sequence will read A. 3' TCCGGC 5'. B. 3' AGGCCG 5'. C. 3' CTTAAT 5'. D. 3' UCCGGC 5'. E. 3' AGTCCG 5'.
answer
A. 3' TCCGGC 5'.
question
43. If a mutation causes the "G" base in the base sequence 5' AATGAC 3' to be read as a "T" base, DNA replication of the mutated sequence will read A. 3' AATTAC 5'. B. 3' TTCCTG 5'. C. 3' GGCCGT 5'. D. 3' TTAATG 5'. E. 3' AATGAC 5'.
answer
D. 3' TTAATG 5'.
question
44. When DNA replicates A. the original DNA is not affected and a new double-stranded DNA is made from two new strands of DNA. B. one strand of the original DNA ends up in each of the new DNA molecules. C. the original DNA unwinds, and multiple copies of a region are transcribed before the DNA closes back up. D. transcription factors determine where to begin DNA replication. E. a cell that was diploid (2N) will now be tetraploid (4N).
answer
B. one strand of the original DNA ends up in each of the new DNA molecules.
question
45. A cell condenses its DNA into ______ in preparation for mitosis. A. centromere B. chromatin C. centrioles D. two nuclei E. chromosomes
answer
E. Chromosomes
question
46. The chemotherapy drug taxol inhibits microtubule function. A cell treated with taxol would become stuck in which phase? A. prophase B. metaphase C. anaphase D. telophase E. cytokinesis
answer
A. prophase
question
47. Why don't plant cells form a cleavage furrow during cytokinesis? A. because they don't have a cell membrane B. because their cells don't divide after mitosis, but become one larger cell with multiple nuclei C. because they have a cell wall D. because they don't have a nucleus E. All answers are correct.
answer
C. Because they have a cell wall
question
Bypassing a checkpoint in the cell cycle may result in a cancer cell
answer
continuing to divide and replicate with faulty DNA
question
In the section "Investigating Life: Cutting Off a Tumor's Supply Lines in the War on Cancer", the standard chemotherapy drug forms crosslinks between the two strands of DNA in a chromosome. How is this effective in chemotherapy?
answer
It delays DNA replication.
question
In the section "Investigating Life: Cutting Off a Tumor's Supply Lines in the War on Cancer", what hypothesis were the researchers testing by treating tumors with endostatin and the standard chemotherapy drug?
answer
Endostatin works on endothelial cells, and therefore natural selection for resistance will not occur in tumor cells.
question
In the section "Investigating Life: Cutting Off a Tumor's Supply Lines in the War on Cancer", what is the dependent variable in the figure?
answer
the volume of the tumor in mice
question
In the section "Investigating Life: Cutting Off a Tumor's Supply Lines in the War on Cancer", what did the researchers conclude from part a. of the figure?
answer
Endostatin shrank tumors without development of resistance.
question
In the section "Investigating Life: Cutting Off a Tumor's Supply Lines in the War on Cancer", what did the researchers conclude from part b. of the figure?
answer
The standard chemotherapy drug delayed the growth of the tumors but resistance developed.
question
In the section "Investigating Life: Cutting Off a Tumor's Supply Lines in the War on Cancer", endostatin is a 184-amino acid protein that only affects endothelial cells. What is the best explanation for this observation?
answer
Endothelial cells have a receptor on their cell membrane for endostatin.
question
Any change in a cell's DNA sequence is a mutation.
answer
TRUE
question
During each round of replication, a mutation occurs in approximately 1% of a cell's nucleotides.
answer
FALSE
question
Each newly replicated molecule of DNA contains one conserved strand from the original DNA molecule.
answer
TRUE
question
A replicated chromosome consists of two sister chromatids.
answer
TRUE
question
Replication takes place during the G1 phase of interphase.
answer
FALSE
question
During cytokinesis of a plant cell, the cell divides by forming a cleavage furrow.
answer
FALSE
question
During the cell cycle there are several checkpoints that ensure that the cell cycle is proceeding correctly.
answer
FALSE
question
An abnormal mass of tissue is a tumor.
answer
TRUE
question
If a cancer matastasizes, its cells travel through the blood stream and colonize other areas of the body.
answer
TRUE
question
An asexual process used by prokaryotes in which replicated DNA and other cell parts are distributed into two daughter cells is called A. mitosis. B. binary fusion. C. daughter cell duplication. D. binary fission. E. conjugation.
answer
D. Binary fission
question
Which of the following is correct about both binary fission and mitosis? A. Both are asexual forms of cell reproduction. B. Both result in genetically-identical cells. C. Both replicate the DNA before the cell splits. D. Both result in two daughter cells. E. All answers are correct
answer
E. All answers are correct
question
Binary fission produces ______ cells, mitosis produces ______ cells, and meiosis produces ______ cells. A. prokaryotic; eukaryotic body; eukaryotic sex B. genetic; body; sex C. eukaryotic; prokaryotic body; prokaryotic sex D. genetically-different; genetically-identical; genetically-different E. genetically-identical; genetically-different; genetically-identical
answer
A. prokaryotic; eukaryotic body; eukaryotic sex
question
Bacteria and archaeans do not receive new genetic material from binary fission, but from mutations and gene transfers.
answer
TRUE
question
The plant cell in the image labeled "a" is in the cell cycle stage
answer
interphase
question
The plant cell in the image labeled "b" is in the cell cycle stage
answer
prophase
question
The plant cell in the image labeled "c" is in the cell cycle stage
answer
metaphase
question
The plant cell in the image labeled "d" is in the cell cycle stage
answer
anaphase
question
The plant cell in the image labeled "e" is in the cell cycle stage
answer
telophase
question
Which of the following does NOT increase the risk for developing cancer? A. vigorous exercise B. poor diet C. mutated genes D. sun exposure E. tobacco
answer
A. Vigorous exercise
