Biology Ch. 12.1-2 Ch. 10 Study Guide
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Griffith
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Showed genetic information passes from one cell to another
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Avery
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Discovered DNA stores and transfers genetic information
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Hershey & chase
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Confirmed genetic material is DNA
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Franklin
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Showed DNA as double helix (twisted ladder)
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Watson & crick
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Built first model of DNA
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A=t & g=c
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Chargaff's rule
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Nucleotide
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Building block if DNA
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Deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base
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3 parts of a nucleotide
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Purines and pyrimides
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2 categories of nitrogen bases
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Adenine & guanine
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2 purines
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Thymine & cytosine
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2 pyrimidines
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Double helix or twisted ladder
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Shape of DNA
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Deoxyribose sugar & phosphate
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Makes up sides of DNA ladder
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Hydrogen bonds
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Holds nitrogen bases together
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Deoxyribose sugar
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Where nitrogen bases branch from sides of ladder
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Adenine to thymine, cytosine to guanine
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Base pairing rule (what bonds to what)
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DNA replication
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The process by which DNA is copied
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Step 1 of DNA replication
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DNA double helix unwinds
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Step 2 of DNA replication
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Enzymes break hydrogen bonds separating DNA in 2
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Step 3 of DNA replication
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Each 1/2 serves as a template for a new complementary strand
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Step 4 of DNA replication
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Free nucleotides match to the halves by an enzyme called DNA polymerase
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Step of DNA replication
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2 identical DNA's are formed
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Problems
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Problems when a cell is too big- Difficult to transport nutrients and waste (Answer- problems)
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Nucleus
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Initiates cell division
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Interphase
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Longest part of cell cycle
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G1, S, & G2
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3 steps if interphase
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G1 phase
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Cell grows, DNA chromatin
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S phase
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When DNA replication occurs
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Sister chromatids
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2 identical lengths of DNA
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Centromeres
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Holds chromatids together
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G2 phase
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When organelle replicate
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Mitosis
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Nuclear division
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4 phases of mitosis
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Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
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Metaphase
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Chromosomes lie up at the middle of cell
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Anaphase
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Centromeres split & chromosomes travel to opposite poles
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Difference
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Difference in plant and animal cells •Animal- centrioles • plants- no centrioles ( spindle fibers in both)
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Prophase
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When spindle forms, chromosomes visible as sister chromatids, nuclear membrane disappears
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Spindle
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When chromosomes spread out
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Telophase
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Disappears, nucleus reappears
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Cytokinesis
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Division of cytoplasm
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Cytokinesis in animal
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Cytoplasm pinches together
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Cytokinesis in plants
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Cell plate forms then becomes the cell wall
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Final result f cell cycle
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Two identical daughter cells were formed
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Cyclins
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Protein that regulates timing of the cell
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Cancer
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Uncontrolled cell growth resulting in tumors
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Damage caused by cancer
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Damage surrounding tissue, break loose and spread to other parts of body, disrupt normal cell activities
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Defective gene
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Halt the cell cycle
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Stem cells
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Unspecialized cells that can differentiate
