Biology B – Flashcard
431 test answers
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What is a fossil?
answer
the remains of an ancient organism
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The modern synthesis theory states that evolution occurs through changes in the gene pool of _______.
answer
populations
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Darwin's theory of common descent states that all organisms _______.
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evolved from past organisms
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According to the theory of _______, today's organisms evolved from past organisms.
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common descent
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Which is an example of a population?
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all the sugar maple trees in a state park
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Reproductive separation may result in the _______ of two different species.
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evolution
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Which two ideas did Darwin use to explain evolution?
answer
natural selection and common descent
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When did Lamarck publish his ideas on evolution?
answer
early 1800s
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Over many generations, darker fur color becomes more common in a population of squirrels living in a shady area. This is an example of _______.
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adaptation
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What is biological evolution?
answer
changes in the gene pool of a population over time
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Which idea did Lamarck propose that was rejected by his fellow scientists?
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acquired traits can be passed to offspring
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In 2003, what was achieved by the Human Genome Project?
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The entire sequence of human DNA was identified
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How did the separation of Earth's continents affect biological evolution?
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populations adapted to the new conditions of each region
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What type of information is recorded in a trace fossil?
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evidence of an organisms activities
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What do paleontologists use to determine the actual age of rocks?
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radioactive dating
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Which field of biology studies the structures of different species of animals?
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comparative anatomy
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Fossils on one continent may be similar to fossils on another continent. This observation supports which theory?
answer
continental drift
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What is Earth's crust?
answer
the outermost layer on Earth's surface
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________ provide evidence of common ancestry among organisms.
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similarities in DNA sequences
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Which type of rock may contain fossils?
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sedimentary
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From earliest to most recent, what is the correct order in which organisms appear in the fossil record?
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invertebrates, amphibians, dinosaurs, and mammals
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What is genetic drift?
answer
random changes in the gene pool of a small population
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Which term describes the movement of alleles into and out of a population?
answer
gene flow
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The Hardy-Weinberg principle states that ________ in a population do not change unless outside factors affect the gene pool.
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allele frequencies
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Which process adds new genes to a gene pool?
answer
gene flow
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When no living members of a species exist, the species _______.
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has gone extinct
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What is recombination?
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new groupings of alleles in offspring
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What is one reason that cheetahs are endangered?
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habitat loss
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Which population is subject to genetic drift?
answer
a small population
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The Hardy-Weinberg principle is written as the equation p^2+2pq+q^2 =1. What does the p represent?
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the frequency of the dominant allele
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Mutations are important for evolution because they _________.
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are the source of new genetic variation
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One consequence of genetic drift is _________.
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loss of genetic variation
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What can cause changes in DNA sequences?
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mutations
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Floods, droughts, fires, and earthquakes are examples of ________.
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natural disasters
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Recombination occurs during ________.
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meiosis
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Which scenario causes gene flow?
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an animal moves to a new population and mates
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Which factor does not take a population out of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
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allele frequency
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What is the effect of differential reproduction over time?
answer
changes in a population's gene pool
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People can breed cats for specific traits such as coat color through _______?
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artificial selection
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A scientist uses artificial selection to produce a new type of cow. Compared to their parent, the new cows are _______?
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the same species with different genetic makeup
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What is required for a person to have sickle cell disease?
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the person is homozygous for the trait
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Which is not one of Darwin's four main ideas of natural selection?
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evolution always improves organisms
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Which statement about natural selection is true?
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environmental changes determine which animals survive
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Darwin noticed that birds that were good at finding scarce food in the winter had a better chance of surviving and producing offspring. What did he call this struggle for existence?
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natural selection
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What must be done for dogs to receive a particular trait?
answer
mate two dogs that have the desired trait
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Some individuals produce more offspring than others. Which term describes this observation?
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differential reproduction
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How many African Americans are carrier of the sickle cell allele?
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1 in 11
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Which is not part of macroevolution?
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genetic drift
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Which process can be observed in the laboratory?
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microevolution
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The change of England's Biston betularia moth populations from light colored to dark colored is an example of _______.
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microevolution
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What is macroevolution?
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major changes in populations over a long time
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What cause England's Biston betularia moth populations to change over time from light colored to dark colored?
answer
changes in allele frequencies
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Which two factors work together to affect an organism's phenotype?
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genes and the environment
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Which is part of microevolution?
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genetic drift
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What do scientists often use to study macroevolution?
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the fossil record
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Which evolutionary mechanism caused the increase in dark colored Biston betularia moths in England in the 1800s?
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natural selection
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Which phenotypic change is genetic?
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the flower color in a population changes over time
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Why are horses and donkeys considered different species even though they can interbreed?
answer
because their offspring (mules) are infertile
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What factor can cause two populations to become reproductively isolated?
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geographical barrier
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What is an organism's niche?
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it's interactions with the living and nonliving parts of the environment
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Which best describes the biological species concept?
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species are populations that interbreed and produce fertile offspring
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What type of speciation occurs when a plant population becomes reproductively isolated while living with its parent population?
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sympatric
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Which key morphological feature is used to classify organisms as mammals?
answer
mammary glands
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What must occur for the gene pool within a population to change?
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natural selection or genetic drift
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Which two fields of study provide the core information that is used to classify organisms?
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morphology and biochemistry
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Which is one cause of speciation?
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populations become reproductively isolated
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How does sympatric speciation differ from allopatric speciation?
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sympatric speciation involves a behavioral barrier, while allopatric speciation involves a physical barrier
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In the 1930s, how did Dobzhansky and Mayr explain the origin of species?
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species originate through allopatric speciation
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A species is divided through geographic isolation. Over several generations, they lose the ability to interbreed. How are these two populations classified?
answer
as two separate species
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How are Dobzhansky and Mayr's ideas about the origin of species similar to Darwin's?
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they thought the evolution of new species is linked to environmental changes
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After speciation occurs, what happens to the species' gene pools?
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they become more and more different over time
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According to the theory of punctuated equilibrium, when does stasis occur?
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when environmental conditions are stable
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What is the most likely explanation for how speciation occurs?
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it occurs by more than one method
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Paleontologists have found that after a major extinction occurs,
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many new species often appear around the same time
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According to the theory of punctuated equilibrium, which event could lead to speciation?
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a meteor strikes Earth
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Which best describes how long it usually takes for speciation to occur?
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several generations
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What is the theory of punctuated equilibrium?
answer
it describes one way that new species arise
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How does mass extinction affect species that survive?
answer
they fill new roles in the changed environment
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The mass extinctions that occurred 250 million years ago and 65 million years may have been due to gradual processes or ________.
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a large comet or asteroid striking Earth
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What is the main cause of extinction on Earth today?
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human impact on the environment
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How does the rate of extinction compare to the rate of species formation on Earth today?
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the rate of extinction is faster
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What is instantaneous speciation?
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the formation of a new species over a few generations
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A particular plant species is pollinated by a certain insect species. The insect species depends on the plant species for food. Which term describes how the relationship forms?
answer
co-adaptation
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Which shows the correct order from smallest to largest?
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species, population, community
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How is a community different from a population?
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a community is a group of many different species, while a population is made up of individuals of one particular species
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What has occurred when large numbers of species die out over a short period of time?
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mass extinction
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Why are small populations more prone to genetic disease?
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they have a greater frequency of harmful genes
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Which taxonomic level for a given genus includes the greatest number of species?
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phylum
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What characteristic do all members of Eukarya have that members of Eubacteria do not have?
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cells with nuclei
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What is one way that members of Archaebacteria are different from members of Eubacteria?
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they have different types of cell walls and cell membranes
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What are the characteristics of Archaebacteria?
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they are single cells that lack a nucleus and tend to live in extreme conditions
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Which two groups are the most similar in physical characteristics?
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archaea and eubacteria
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Which belong in the domain Eukarya?
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fungus
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Which is a member of the domain Eubacteria?
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E. coli
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The science of classifying organisms based on features they share is called ________.
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taxonomy
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Which is the correct interpretation of the scientific name Homo sapiens?
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Homo is the genus and sapiens is the species
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Which characteristics do scientists use to group species?
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ancestors and DNA
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How many words are there in the scientific name for a species using the Linnaeus classification system?
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2
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Which eubacteria help plants in the production of protiens?
answer
nitrogen-fixing bacteria
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Freezing food ______ the action of bacteria.
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slows
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What term describes the whip-like structure that helps cells move through liquids?
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flagellum
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Which is a class of extremophile?
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halophile
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What characteristic is used to group the three kinds of Eubacteria?
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shape
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What is a chemosynthetic organism?
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it uses sulfur or other elements as a source of energy
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What are streptococci?
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chains of spherical bacteria
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Which would likely live near a crack in the deep ocean floor that spews scalding water?
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thermoacidophile
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Which would likely live in a bog, a sewage treatment plant, or a cow's intestine?
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methanophile
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Which would likely live in the Great Salt Lake?
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halophile
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Which kind of organism does not generally require oxygen or sunlight to live?
answer
archaebacteria
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What is true of flagellates?
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they can move through water
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What is true of paramecia?
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they are ciliates
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What happens to a euglena when sunlight is not present?
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it absorbs food from the environment
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When would slime molds be likely to gather one form one, large structure?
answer
when food and water are scarce
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What kind of organism gets food using cilia?
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paramecium
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How are protozoa similar to animals?
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they can get food and move
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Which type of algae is called seaweed and belongs to the division Phaeophyta
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brown algae
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What is true of cilia?
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they are like hairs
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What characteristic do all protists have in common?
answer
cell nuclei that contain DNA
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What kind of protist causes dysentery?
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amoeba
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Where are slime molds often found?
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in damp soil or rotting material
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What is a spore?
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a reproductive cell produced by slime molds
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Where are most algae found?
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in freshwater and salt water
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What food product is made using a fungus?
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cheese
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What do fungi have in common with plants?
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their cells have nuclei that contain DNA
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What kind of organism caused the Great Potato Famine in Ireland in the 1800s?
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a fungus
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What are hyphae made of?
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membranes and cytoplasm
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Which part of a mushroom can you see above the ground?
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reproductive structure
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Which statement correctly describes the function of each lichen part?
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algae provide food, bacteria provide nitrogen, and fungi provide structure
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What do fungi give off after they digest the food that they absorb?
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carbon and nitrogen
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How do hyphae spread from one area to another?
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they grow quickly underground
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What do fungi have in common with animals?
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they are heterotrophs
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How is penicillin used?
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to kill bacteria that cause disease
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Two different species belong to the same class. What other levels of classification do they have in common?
answer
kingdom and phylum
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What is the function of sori?
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sori release haploid cells
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Where are the spore containing sori of a fern found?
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on the underside of a fern frond
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What is the function of a moss's rhizoid?
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to obtain water
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What vascular plant tissue is made of dead cells?
answer
xylem
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How are moss spores produced?
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by sporophytes through meiosis
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Where does xylem transport water?
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from roots to leaves
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Mycorrhiza form relationships between fungi and which part of vascular plants?
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roots
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How are moss gametes produced?
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by gamophytes through mitosis
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What is the meaning of the term germinate?
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to start growth
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Where does fertilization take place in conifers?
answer
in the ovary of a female cone
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Which part of a flower contains the ovary?
answer
pistil
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Many flowers produce nectar. What is a purpose of nectar?
answer
to attract birds and insects
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What is another name for a flowering plant?
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angiosperm
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Which statement about male and female cones is true?
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male cones are smaller than female cones
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How many months of a year do most conifers have green leaves?
answer
12
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Gymnosperms were the first plants to reproduce using ________.
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seeds
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Which part of a flower will develop into fruit?
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ovary
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What does a seed contain?
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a plant embryo and stored food
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Which describes most woody stems?
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rough
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What is one function of plant stems?
answer
to transport water and food
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Which structures are not found in simple leaves?
answer
leaflets
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In which part of a root is vascular tissue found?
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the inner layer
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A plant that responds to touch is showing which of the following?
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thigmotropism
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In gravotropism, in which direction to the roots grow?
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downward
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In which part of a leaf is food made?
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blade
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Which describes herbaceous stems?
answer
soft
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A plant that grows toward light shows which of the following?
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phototropism
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How mant growing seasons do plants with herbaceous stems usually survive?
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one
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What is one function of roots?
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to take in minerals from the soil
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Cnidarians such as jellyfish have radial symmetry. How are the body parts of cnidarians arranged?
answer
like spokes on a wheel
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How many cell layers are found in a blastula?
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3
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Which system controls the coordinated movement of animals?
answer
nervous
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How many copies of each chromosome are found in most animal cells?
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2
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Pinworms have small bodies, bilateral symmetry, and complete digestive tracts. What type of animal are they?
answer
nematodes
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Which is true of all animals?
answer
they are heterotrophs
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How many copies of each chromosome are found in animal sex cells?
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1
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Which is a feature of a flatworm?
answer
thin bodies
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What is the name for an organized group of cells that wokr together?
answer
tissue
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Organisms that must eat food for energy are ________.
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heterotrophs
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How many pairs of legs does an arachnid have?
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4
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What is found in all adult echinoderms?
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radial symmetry
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What is one common function of an arthropods antennae?
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to smell
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How does an echinoderm use its tube feet?
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for attachment
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Which is the largest group of arthropods?
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insects
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Which insect goes through complete metamorphosis?
answer
butterfly
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Where do echinoderms live?
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in marine environments
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Where do most crustaceans live?
answer
in water
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Which arthropods have many body segments, with two pairs of legs on each segment?
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centipedes
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Which is a feature of all arthropods?
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segmented bodies
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Chordate embryos develop a notochord along the dorsal side. This position is located at the ________ of the embryo.
answer
back
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Which of the following is a feature of humans?
answer
opposable thumbs
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Where do amphibian larvae live?
answer
underwater
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Most of the species in the class _______ lay amniotic eggs.
answer
reptilia
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Which animals are the oldest vertebrate fossils?
answer
fish with no jaws
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Which types of embryos have pharyngeal slits?
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all chordates
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The class mammalia contains the only animals that _______.
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have mammary glands
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Which body parts do birds have?
answer
feathers, beaks, and scales
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How does a bony fish use the swim bladder?
answer
to move up and down in water
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Which animal is an ectotherm?
answer
turtle
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What process causes behavior patterns to change over generations as a result of reproductive success?
answer
change through natural selection
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What is a scientist called who observes animals in orfer to explain their behavior?
answer
ethologist
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A peacock spreading its tail to attract a mate is sending an _________ stimilus?
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external
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What term describes anything that causes an organism to react?
answer
stimulus
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What term describes the way an organism responds to a stimulus?
answer
behavior
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Which of the following is an example of a learned behavior?
answer
birds returning to a backyard bird feeder
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Mammals generally care for their young. Most turtles abandon their young. What term describes both of these behaviors?
answer
innate
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Which is an external stimulus?
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heat
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The way a particular species of bird constructs its nest is an example of ___________?
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a fixed action pattern behavior
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Animals with which kind of behavior are most adaptable to change?
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flexible
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An animal that hides under a rock to avoid predators is responding to a(n) _________ stimulus.
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external
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A mouse runs for cover in the presence of a cat. The cat is an example of a(n) ________ stimulus.
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external
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Which is not a characteristic of imprinting?
answer
the mother must be present
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A female mammal nursing her offspring is an example of what type of behavior?
answer
parental care
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Which is not a combination of innate and learned behavior?
answer
mimicry
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Which best describes a prey animal?
answer
one that is eaten by other animals
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Which is a component of all innate behaviors?
answer
genetics
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Courtships belongs to what class of behaviors?
answer
innate
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Warning coloration is an example of what kind of behavior?
answer
defensive
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A bird that perfects the sound and notes of its species song as it ages shows what type of learning?
answer
observational
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What type of learning describes when animals learn by watching or listening others of their species?
answer
observational
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Which best describes a predator animal?
answer
one that eats other animals
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Animals with territorial behaviors show _________.
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aggression
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What term describes the behaviors between males and females of the same species for the purposes of mating?
answer
courtship
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Viceroy butterflies are not poisonous, but they look just like the poisonous monarch butterflies. Which behavior does the viceroy use to deter birds that would otherwise eat it?
answer
mimicry
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All wild birds of the same species sing the same song. How do the birds learn their species song?
answer
by listening to it
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When a male bird of paradise spreads its tail and does a dance to impress his potential mate, what signals is it using?
answer
body display and movement
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When an animal uses two kinds of signals together to obtain a response, there is a communication _________.
answer
cycle
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What term describes a chemical signal made in sweat glands?
answer
pheromone
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Which is a characteristic of agonistic interaction?
answer
aggression
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Animals raising their young in packs is an example of ________.
answer
cooperation
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A pheromone is a signal detected as a(n) _______.
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odor
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What is it called when an organism signals another that their interaction is not serious or threatening?
answer
metacommunication
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What behavior is shown by two bighorn sheep butting heads in a fight for a female?
answer
agonistic interaction
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Why is the alarm calling of the vervet monkey an example of advanced communication?
answer
the response is learned and varies over time
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What type of behavior is characterized by the display of body parts or release of a scent for the purpose of attracting a mate?
answer
courtship
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In his experiment, Nicko Tinbergen determined that a female wasp can find its nest by using _____.
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landmarks
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Which level of organization includes the most interactions?
answer
biosphere
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Which describes the ability of a community to resist change?
answer
stability
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Which is an example of commensalism?
answer
barnacles benefit from living on whales, and they do not hurt the whales
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Which term is a type of symbiosis?
answer
mutualism
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The organisms in a community are interdependent. What does this mean?
answer
the organisms rely on each other for survival
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A symbiotic relationship in which two different organisms benefit from living together is called ________.
answer
mutualism
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What is the largest level of organization for the environment?
answer
biosphere
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Fleas and dogs are in a symbiotic relationship called __________.
answer
parasitism
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What does population density measure?
answer
the degree of crowding of a population
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Barnacles live on whales. Whales carry the barnacles around, which helps the barnacles feed. The whales are unaffected. This is an example of ___________.
answer
commensalism
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When the number of organisms increases in an ecosystem, the _________.
answer
number of resources is usually the same
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Which is a density-independent factor?
answer
drought
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Which will probably decrease population density?
answer
forest fire
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When grass is randomly distributed throughout an environment, a population of deer that eats grass is most likely to have a ________ pattern.
answer
random
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A period in which the densities of populations increase or decrease at the same time is called a _______.
answer
boom-bust cycle
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Which tends to increase the size of a population?
answer
immigration
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Which increases as a population grows?
answer
competition
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Which will probably increase population density?
answer
increase in the food supply
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Which distribution pattern describes pine trees on a pine tree farm?
answer
uniform
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What distribution pattern describes wolves that live in packs?
answer
clumped
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Which plants are usually the first to grow during secondary succession?
answer
weeds
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Secondary succession could occur after a __________.
answer
disturbance has destroyed populations in a community
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Which is true of secondary succession?
answer
it occurs in land and marine communities
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Primary succession can occur after a ___________.
answer
volcanic eruption produces a new island
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Succession is the process of __________ in a community.
answer
ecological change
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Which plants are the first to grow during primary succession?
answer
mosses
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Where is primary succession likely to occur?
answer
on a new rock created by a volcanic eruption
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Ecological change in a community following a major disturbance is called _________.
answer
succession
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Which activity could trigger primary succession?
answer
a volcanic eruption
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Which is true of primary succession?
answer
it starts on nonliving rock and land
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A community that experiences major changes undergoes _________.
answer
ecological change
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Which are the first organisms to start the process of primary succession?
answer
microorganisms
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From where do chemotrophs get energy?
answer
food
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Mice eat corn. Hawks eat mice. Which term describes corn in this food chain?
answer
producer
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Which is an example of a phototroph?
answer
a plant
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Mice eat corn. Hawks eat mice. Which term describes hawks in this food chain?
answer
secondary consumer
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Mice eat corn. Hawks eat mice. What is the source of all the energy in this food chain?
answer
the sun
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Which term describes how a person gets energy?
answer
chemotrophic
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Which one is a chemotroph?
answer
a box turtle
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A phototroph is to a chemotroph as __________.
answer
a plant is to an animal
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Which is at the bottom of an energy pyramid?
answer
photosynthetic producers
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What is the direct source of energy for phototrophs?
answer
sunlight
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What role do decomposers play in the nitrogen cycle?
answer
they return nitrogen to the soil
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How do plants get nitrogen?
answer
by absorbing it from soil
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Which nutrient do organisms tend to get from their local ecosystem?
answer
phosphorous
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Nutrients move through ecosystems in different ways. Which nutrient cycles through organisms, rivers, rain, and the atmosphere?
answer
water
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Which process changes carbon dioxide into organic molecules?
answer
photosynthesis
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What is the name of the process of liquid water changing into water vapor due to heating?
answer
evaporation
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Which is an example of precipitation?
answer
snow
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What happens when solar energy heats a body of water?
answer
evaporation
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Which kind of nutrients cycle through the atmosphere?
answer
those that can exist as gases
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Which process returns water to Earth?
answer
precipitation
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Which factor controls the water cycle?
answer
energy from the sun
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Which process produces carbon dioxide?
answer
cellular respiration
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Most of the nitrogen in the atmosphere is found in what form?
answer
as nitrogen gas
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Which biome is commonly found near the equator?
answer
tropical forest
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Which type of forest contains several kinds of cone-bearing trees and typically receives a lot of snow in winter?
answer
coniferous
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Ecosystems that experience the same climate conditions are grouped together into larger regions called ________.
answer
biomes
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Which biome has no large trees because much of the soil is frozen?
answer
tundra
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What characteristic is used to divide aquatic biomes into three zones?
answer
light exposure
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Which is true of the regions near the Earth's equator?
answer
they receive more solar energy than the poles
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What is another name for the average weather conditions in a region over a long period of time?
answer
climate
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Which type of forest contains many trees that shed their leaves during fall and winter?
answer
deciduous
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Which biome contains both freshwater and saltwater?
answer
estuary
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Which biome typically experiences hot summers, cold winters, and lots of rain?
answer
temperate deciduous forest
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Dog excrement is carried by rain into bodies of water, where it causes algae to grow rapidly and crowd out other organisms in the ecosystem. What is this process called?
answer
eurotrophication
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What may happen to a species whose limited habitat is destroyed by land developement?
answer
it will become extinct
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Ozone is a molecule in the upper atmosphere that is made up of three atoms of ___________.
answer
oxygen
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Introduced species often take over an ecosystem because they usually __________.
answer
have no competitors
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What type of unhealthful air pollution occurs when ozone near the ground mixes with otehr polluting gases?
answer
smog
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Approximately how many species become extinct on Earth each day?
answer
100
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What effect does human activity have on many ecosystems?
answer
it destroys habitats
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What process causes gases in the atmosphere to trap heat near the surface of Earth?
answer
greenhouse effect
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To help ecosystems thrive, humans must gain a better understanding of ________.
answer
ecology and the environment
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How many people are added to the world population each year?
answer
70 million
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Conservation biology uses ecological information to restore damaged _________.
answer
ecosystems
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What is not part of Earth's biodiversity?
answer
volcanoes
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Which is an important source of carbon monoxide emissions that contributes to the greenhouse effect?
answer
vehicles
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What term describes a species that has far fewer members today than in the past?
answer
threatened
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What term is used to describe the reuse of aluminum in old soda cans to make new products?
answer
recycling
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If a native species has been labeled as endangered, what is the appropriate response?
answer
gather data to design a recovery plan
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What form of waste cannot be recycled to make new products?
answer
food waste
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How can humans reduce the number of landfills?
answer
produce less trash
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What is the main reason that governments create natural areas called reserves?
answer
to protect weakened ecosystems and their wildlife
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What is a landfill?
answer
a place where trash is collected
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Science helps people learn about the way the world works. What is the goal of technology?
answer
to make things that solve problems
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Scientific and technological discoveries are accepted if their evidence can be _________.
answer
repeated
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What is the purpose of a patent?
answer
to protect ownership of a new technology
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Models and computer simulations are sometimes used to test the ___________ of a new technology.
answer
performance
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What term is used for the study of nonliving parts of Earth?
answer
geology
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To reduce the chances of system failure, engineers may use _____________.
answer
performance testing
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Creating new things to solve problems and improve life depends on the close interaction of which two fields?
answer
science and technology
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What area of study applies scientific findings to create ways for solving problems or improving life?
answer
engineering
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Which is not a source of funding for scientific research?
answer
scientific meetings
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What might engineers use to test a new software design?
answer
simulations
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Products that are created to solve problems in new ways result from advances in __________.
answer
technology
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Where are the first reports of new scientific disciveries published?
answer
scientific journals
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What happens when the body releases perspiration?
answer
water evaporates from the skin
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The skin covering the human body consists of ____ layers.
answer
3
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Which system fights off disease?
answer
immune
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Which part of the skin keeps in heat?
answer
fatty layer
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Which part of the skin contains blood vessels, nerves, and glands?
answer
dermis
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Which system moves the body?
answer
muscular
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The __________ system includes the heart.
answer
circulatory
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The __________ system includes the esophagus.
answer
digestive
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The __________ system includes the brain.
answer
nervous
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Which system carries food and oxygen to cells?
answer
circulatory
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What structures work in antagonistic pairs to move bones?
answer
skeletal muscles
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How many bones does a human adult have?
answer
206
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How do muscles work in antagonistic pairs?
answer
when one muscle pulls, the other muscle relaxes
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What is the function of cartilage in adult bones?
answer
preventing friction between bones
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Which is the most common type of muscle in the body?
answer
skeletal
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Food moves through the digestive tract by peristalsis, which is produced by wavelike contractions of _________ muscles.
answer
involuntary
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What is the function of spongy material called red marrow?
answer
it makes blood cells
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Which skeletal structure encloses the reproductive organs?
answer
the pelvis
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Which type of muscle is found in the lining of the arteries?
answer
smooth
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Which structure is an example of a hinge joint?
answer
knee
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How many bones does an infant have at birth?
answer
350
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The walls of arteries include a ________ muscle layer.
answer
smooth
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Where in the body is cardiac muscle found?
answer
the heart
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What is not a function of the skeletal system?
answer
making vitamins
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Which organ is involved in ingestion?
answer
mouth
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What happens to food material that cannot be digested?
answer
it is eliminated as feces
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Food moves from the mouth to the stomach through which organ?
answer
esophagus
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Which organ stores and releases bile?
answer
gallbladder
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Which shows the correct order in which food moves during digestion?
answer
stomach, small intestine, large intestine
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The third stage of digestion is absorption, which begins when the food enters the _________.
answer
small intestine
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Which organ forms the largest section of the digestive tract?
answer
small intestine
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During digestion, excess glucose is stored in liver cells and muscle cells in what form?
answer
glycogen
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Food travels directly from the stomach to the _________.
answer
small intestine
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Which event occurs in the large intestine?
answer
water is recovered
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Which structure helps food move to the pharynx?
answer
tongue
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Which organ is at the end of the digestive tract?
answer
anus
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Where does the digestive process begin?
answer
in the mouth
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Inhalation begins when ________.
answer
the diaphragm contracts
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Which statement is not true of cilia in the respiratory tract?
answer
they close the windpipe opening when swallowing
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At the tip of each bronchiole is ________.
answer
alveoli
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Which disease causes mucus to build up in the lungs and clog the airways?
answer
cystic fibrosis
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Which structure prevents food and liquids from being inhaled when a person swallows?
answer
the epiglottis
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During inhalation, air moves directly from the larynx to the _________.
answer
trachea
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Which occurs during inhalation?
answer
the rib cage expands
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Where is the diaphragm located?
answer
below the lungs
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Which action removes carbon dioxide from the body?
answer
exhaling
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Which structures bring oxygen from the trachea to the lungs?
answer
bronchi
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Which event signals the brain to breathe?
answer
increased blood levels of carbon dioxide
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Which is the largest artery in the body?
answer
aorta
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What is the function of white blood cells?
answer
they fight infections
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Which condition causes fatty substances to build up in blood vessels?
answer
atherosclerosis
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What transports oxygen in the blood?
answer
red blood cells
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When the left ventricle contracts, blood flows to the ________.
answer
aorta
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What is the function of interstitial fluid?
answer
it exchanges nutrients and wastes with blood
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Fibrinogen is a protein produced in platelets that _______.
answer
creates blood clots
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When the ventricles contract, blood flows from the right ventricle to the ________.
answer
lungs
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A thrombus can clog an artery. What occurs when an artery in the brain is blocked?
answer
stroke
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Which structure(s) carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart?
answer
arteries
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Which lobe in the cerebral cortex is responsible for short-term memory?
answer
frontal
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A thin membrane stretching across the ear canal is the __________.
answer
eardrum
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How many pairs of spinal nerves branch off from the spinal cord?
answer
31
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Which structure controls the amount of light that enters the eye?
answer
pupil
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Which type of sensory receptor responds to touch and pressure?
answer
mechanoreceptor
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What is the spinal cord?
answer
a thick bundle of nerves
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What does the limbic system do?
answer
registers feelings, such as fear and pleasure
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What is one function of the backbone?
answer
it protects the spinal cord
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Which structure starts at the brain and goes down the back?
answer
the spinal cord
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The brain communicates with the rest of the body through the __________.
answer
spinal cord
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What is one of the functions controlled by the cerebellum?
answer
balance
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Where is the spinal cord found?
answer
in the backbone
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Which type of stimulus do mechanoreceptors detect?
answer
sound
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Hormones secreted by the hypothalamus __________.
answer
regulate the pituitary gland
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What is a function of the hormones secreted by the pancreas?
answer
they regulate blood levels of glucose
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What is the term for the chemical messengers that the endocrine glands produce?
answer
hormones
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In the body, hormones move from one location to another through _________.
answer
the blood
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Which organ forms urine?
answer
kidney
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Through which structure does urine leave the body?
answer
urethra
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Low blood levels of which substance would cause the release of more ADH into the blood?
answer
fluid
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Which is a way for the body to conserve water during periods of heavy sweating?
answer
it can filter less water out of the blood
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Kidneys filter __________ from the blood and form urine.
answer
nitrogen waste
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Which glands produce hormones that increase metabolic activity and increase blood levels of glucose?
answer
the adrenal glands
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Which is one way that skin protects the body from infection?
answer
skin keeps germs out of the body
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Which cells produce antibodies?
answer
B lymphocytes
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Which is another term for a germ?
answer
pathogen
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How does fever help fight germs?
answer
it stops bacteria from growing
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Which activity is part of the inflammatory response?
answer
compliment proteins signaling phagocytes
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How do phagocytes protect the body?
answer
they eat infected and foreign cells
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Which statement is true of antibodies?
answer
they are specific to antigens
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Which is a description of fever?
answer
increased body temperature
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Which directly attacks host cells that contain bacteria or viruses?
answer
T lymphocytes
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Each lymphocyte had thousands of receptor proteins in its membranes. What is the job of these receptor proteins?
answer
to recognize antigens
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When does menstruation occur?
answer
after an egg fails to fertilize
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Testosterone is produced in which structure(s)?
answer
testes
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The diploid cells that begin spermatogenesis are called spermatogonia. Where are spermatogonia found?
answer
in the seminiferous tubules
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Which process occurs when an egg cell, blood, and pieces of uterine lining leave the body through the vagina?
answer
menstruation
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Semen and urine both exit the body through the _________.
answer
urethra
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What happens during ovulation?
answer
a follicle releases an egg into a fallopian tube
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Which structure connects the testes to the urethra?
answer
vas deferens
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Where does oogenesis take place?
answer
in the ovaries
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Where in the body do oocytes mature?
answer
the follicles
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Where does spermatogenesis take place?
answer
testes
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