question

The hydrophobicity of the planar nitrogenous ring structures of a nucleotide, leading to the exclusion of water and stability of DNA, is referred to as:

answer

base-stacking interactions.

question

The central dogma of molecular biology states that information flows from:

answer

DNA to RNA to protein.

question

How many covalent bonds exist between the G-C complementary base pairs between two strands of DNA?

answer

zero

question

DNA contains genetic information in its

answer

sequence of bases.

question

Nucleotides are composed of

answer

a phosphate, a sugar, and a base.

question

A single unit of heredity that contains the information for an individual protein is referred to as a

answer

gene

question

Deoxyribonucleic acid is used for:

answer

-transmission of information. -storage of information.

question

Translation is the process by which:

answer

ribosomes synthesize protein from information in an RNA molecule

question

Miller and Urey's initial simulation resulted in the formation of which one of the following?

answer

amino acids

question

The base adenine pairs with ___________ in DNA.

answer

thymine

question

Alternative splicing allows for:

answer

different polypeptides to be made from a single gene.

question

Which one of the following statements about RNA is correct?

answer

RNA uses the same purine bases as DNA.

question

True or false: some RNA molecules possess catalytic activity.

answer

true

question

The type of RNA that physically interacts with a ribosome, providing the sequence information for a specific protein, is abbreviated:

answer

mRNA.

question

Which one of the following bases in an RNA molecule would base pair (via hydrogen bonding) with adenine?

answer

uracil

question

Which one of the following types of post-transcriptional modification is common in eukaryotes?

answer

-polyadenylation and intron removal -5' cap addition -polyadenylation -intron removal

question

True or false: during transcription of a given protein-coding gene, both strands are used as templates.

answer

false

question

Which one of the following is not a component of a nucleosome core particle? histone H3 histone H4 ribosomes approximately 150 base pairs of DNA histone H2B

answer

ribosomes

question

RNA splicing is catalyzed by a complex of RNA and protein referred to as a

answer

spliceosome

question

Using Chargaff's rules, you can determine that the DNA of organism that contains 30% adenine would contain _______ guanine.

answer

20%

question

In recombinant DNA experiments, ____________ is used to cut pieces of DNA, and ____________ joins these segments to form recombinant DNA.

answer

a restriction enzyme; DNA ligase

question

Describe why genome sequencing can be complicated by repeated sequences?

answer

The repeated sequences are often longer than the sequences obtained by automated sequencing.

question

What is the difference between Sanger sequencing and PCR with regard to the materials needed to perform these reactions?

answer

In Sanger sequencing, dideoxynucleotides are needed, but not in PCR.

question

A Southern blot is a technique that relies on:

answer

hybridization of labeled DNA sequences to complementary DNA sequences.

question

Restriction enzymes:

answer

cut double-stranded DNA strands at specific sites.

question

True or false: In gel electrophoresis, DNA fragments migrate toward the negative pole of the electric field.

answer

False

question

Organisms that have been modified to contain DNA from other species are known as:

answer

-transgenic organisms. -genetically modified organisms (GMO's).

question

The type of genetic engineering that involves isolating genes from one species and introducing them into another is called ____________ technology.

answer

recombinant DNA

question

The extrachromosomal DNA found in bacteria is called a:

answer

plasmid.

question

During the shotgun approach to genome sequencing, the sequenced fragments orginate from:

answer

random sites scattered across the genome.

question

The three-dimensional structure of a functional protein composed of a single polypeptide chain is referred to as the ____________ structure.

answer

tertiary

question

The codon used to initiate protein synthesis is:

answer

AUG

question

In a ribbon model of a polypeptide, broad arrows indicate:

answer

β-sheets.

question

A group of functionally related genes transcribed as a single transcriptional unit under the control of a single promoter is referred to as a(n) ____________.

answer

operon

question

Amino acid sequences evolve through:

answer

mutation and selection.

question

Which one of the following is not a component of an amino acid?

answer

Triphosphate group

question

Which RNA(s) is/are used in the process of translation?

answer

-rRNA -tRNA -mRNA

question

How many different types of aminoacyl tRNA synthetases are there?

answer

20

question

Structurally and functionally related proteins are grouped into approximately 25,000 different protein ____________.

answer

families

question

The unfolding of a protein by heat or chemical treatment is referred to as:

answer

denaturation.

question

A spontaneously generated and enclosed bilayer structure is called a(n):

answer

liposome

question

Which of the following is a common function of membrane proteins?

answer

-signal reception -transport -catalysis -attachment

question

Long, saturated fatty acid tails ____________ lipid mobility and ____________ membrane fluidity.

answer

reduce; decrease

question

The process of a vesicle fusing with the plasma membrane and depositing its contents into the extracellular space is most specifically referred to as:

answer

exocytosis.

question

True or False: purified phospholipids will gather together and form membranes only if the appropriate enzyme is present.

answer

false

question

A protein that is temporarily associated with a biological membrane is a(n):

answer

peripheral membrane protein.

question

The diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration is referred to as

answer

osmosis

question

Which of the following is not a typical component of an animal cell's plasma membrane?

answer

nucleic acid

question

The interior region of a phospholipid bilayer can be characterized as being:

answer

hydrophobic.

question

True or False: amino acids with hydrophobic side chains are most often found buried in the interior of folded proteins.

answer

true

question

Prokaryotes have which of the following

answer

-DNA -cell membrane -cell wall

question

The plant cell wall is made primarily of

answer

cellulose

question

The process of synthesizing simple sugars using sunlight as an energy source is referred to as ____________.

answer

photosynthesis

question

Which of the following organelles is not enclosed in a double membrane?

answer

RER

question

In which of the following can protein synthesis occur in eukaryotes? Select all correct choices.

answer

-the rough endoplasmic reticulum -the cytoplasm

question

Photosynthesis occurs in the

answer

chloroplast

question

Which of the choices below can be used to correctly begin the following sentence? "____________ have a plasma membrane."

answer

All cells

question

The Golgi apparatus is responsible for at least a portion of a eukaryote's:

answer

-modification of lipids synthesized in the ER. -carbohydrate synthesis. -targeting of proteins to their final destinations. -modification of proteins synthesized in the ER.

question

Which of the following is physically continuous with the nuclear envelope?

answer

ER

question

Transmembrane proteins located in the plasma membrane are first synthesized inside the cell and transported through which of the following?

answer

-one or more vesicles -Golgi apparatus

question

Which of the following types of inhibitor permanently alters the enzyme it inhibits?

answer

an irreversible inhibitor

question

The portion of an enzyme that binds specifically to the substrate or substrates is referred to as the _______ of the enzyme.

answer

active site

question

The sum of all chemical reactions in a cell is referred to as

answer

metabolism

question

The amount of energy in a system that cannot be used to perform work is referred to as ____________.

answer

entropy

question

True or False: a given enzyme in a pathway can be activated by one molecule or inhibited by a different molecule.

answer

true

question

The assembly of glucose into polysaccharides is:

answer

an anabolic process.

question

True or False: the energy of a system is defined as the system's capacity to do work.

answer

true

question

The energy of activation of a reaction is

answer

the energy input needed to reach the transition state.

question

Which one of the following is the most common energy "currency" for a cell?

answer

ATP

question

Which of the following is the most precise description of the role of enzymes in catalyzing biochemical reactions?

answer

Enzymes stabilize the transition state and decrease its free energy.

question

Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate can be broken down by

answer

fermentation

question

Glucose is stored in plants as ____________ and in animals as ____________.

answer

starch; glycogen

question

In eukaryotic cells, glycolysis occurs in:

answer

the cytoplasm.

question

The gaining of electrons is referred to as ____________.

answer

Reduction

question

The loss of electrons is reffered to as ____.

answer

Oxidation

question

The mitochondrial ATP synthase

answer

makes ATP using the energy of the proton gradient established by electron transport.

question

True or False: an ATP synthase complex can act in reverse to function as an ATP-dependent proton pump.

answer

true

question

True or False: the citric acid cycle is believed to have developed fairly recently in the evolution of cellular life.

answer

false

question

Which of the following is a net product of glycolysis?

answer

- 2 pyruvate - 2 ATP - 2 NADH

question

In most living cells, which one of the following is not a product of cellular respiration?

answer

oxygen

question

The fluid-filled interior compartment of the thylakoid network is referred to as the:

answer

lumen.

question

True or False: rubisco can function as either a carboxylase or an oxygenase.

answer

True

question

The organisms believed to be the first to use two different photosystems in a single photosynthetic electron-transport chain are the:

answer

cyanobacteria.

question

The main function of photosynthesis is the

answer

conversion of light energy to chemical energy.

question

Reactive oxygen species are detoxified by a general category of molecules referred to as ____________.

answer

antioxidants

question

Photosynthesis is the pathway used to synthesize carbohydrates from:

answer

sunlight and carbon dioxide.

question

Chloroplast ATP synthases are powered by the flow of protons from the:

answer

thylakoid lumen to the stroma.

question

Which statement given below best characterizes the properties of a photosystem?

answer

A photosystem is a complex of pigments, proteins and reaction center chlorophylls.

question

A photosystem is a complex of pigments, proteins and reaction center chlorophylls.

answer

carotenoids

question

In green plant photosynthesis, water is

answer

oxidized to oxygen gas in the light.

question

Which of the following correctly lists the types of cellular communication from shortest to longest distance travelled by the signaling molecule to reach its responding cell?

answer

autocrine, paracrine, endocrine

question

Second messengers:

answer

-are small intracellular molecules that participate in signal transduction. -are removed in order to terminate a cellular signaling response. -amplify the effects of the signal. -play a role in activation of intracellular signal transduction.

question

Mammalian steroid hormones are signaling molecules that function in which of the following types of cell signaling?

answer

endocrine

question

Which of the following types of cell signaling generally occurs between cells that are distant from each other?

answer

endocrine

question

Types of steroids include:

answer

-lipid-soluble hormones derived from cholesterol. -glucocorticoids that regulate blood glucose levels. -sex hormones such as estrogen and testosterone. -insect molting hormones.

question

Which of the following signal molecules would most likely have a intracellular receptor?

answer

A small nonpolar molecule.

question

A chemical that binds to a cell to cause its activity to change is an example of which of the following elements of cellular communication?

answer

a signaling molecule

question

Which of the following types of cellular activities can be a response to cell signaling?

answer

-Enzyme activity patterns are changed. -Cell signals are released to communicate with other cells. -Cell division is triggered. -Gene expression patterns are changed.

question

A cell that responds to an environmental condition by the release of a chemical is an example of which of the following elements of cellular communication?

answer

a signaling cell

question

True or false: Cancer is a disease of cell division.

answer

true

question

Dynamic instability is a:

answer

feature of microtubules.

question

Cancer can be characterized by:

answer

-a mass of rapidly dividing cells called a tumor. -cells with an enhanced ability to adhere to proteins in the basal lamina. -cells that express of a type of intermediate filament that is inappropriate for that area of the body. -metastasized tumor cells that leave the tumor and invade distant parts of the body.

question

The cytoskeleton of plant cells includes:

answer

microtubules and microfilaments.

question

Cellular crawling motion is accomplished by:

answer

the polymerization of microfilaments along the leading edge with contraction of microfilaments along the trailing edge through the action of myosin.

question

keratinocyte

answer

Major cell type found in the epidermis; its primary function is to protect underlying tissues and organs.

question

melanocyte

answer

Found in the epidermis; its primary function is production of pigments to color skin.

question

fibroblast

answer

Major cell type found in the dermis; its primary function is to secrete extracellular matrix.

question

Which one of the following correctly lists the major types of tissues found in animals?

answer

connective, nervous, muscle, epithelial

question

Intermediate filaments:

answer

-have a diameter that is larger than a microfilament, but smaller than a microtubule. -play an important role in maintaining cell shape. -play an important role in preventing skin from tearing by shear stress. -undergo little change in length in comparison to microtubules and microfilaments.

question

Cells with cilia or flagella rely mainly on ____________ to facilitate their movement.

answer

microtubules

question

Cilia:

answer

-are used by epithelial cells to move substances along cell surfaces. -are specialized organelles found on some epithelial cells.

question

Which one of the following statements about intracellular transport is true?

answer

Kinesin and dynein move substances along microtubules.

question

A benign tumor

answer

-rarely has life-threatening effects unless it is interfering with the function of a vital organ. -has defects in the regulation of cell division. -has clear boundaries encapsulating it and is not invading nearby tissues. -is a mass of rapidly dividing cells.

question

The basal lamina

answer

-is a specialized extracellular matrix found beneath epithelial tissues. -links to epithelial cells through hemidesmosomes, which attach to intermediate filaments. -contains a special form of collagen. -surrounds endothelial cells found in blood vessels.

question

Which of the following types of cell junctions are found in skin?

answer

-hemidesmosomes -desmosomes -adherens junctions -tight junctions

question

Connective tissue in animals contains

answer

-more extracelluar matrix than cells. -fibroblasts. -collagen

question

adherens junctions

answer

junctions that anchor cells to other cells

question

tight junctions

answer

junctions that form a seal or a barrier between cells

question

gap junctions

answer

junctions that permit communication between cells

question

desmosomes

answer

junctions that anchor cells to other cells

question

plasmodesmata

answer

junctions that permit communication between cells

question

hemidesmosomes

answer

junctions that anchor cells to the extracellular matrix

question

Which one of the following pairs includes junctional complexes that perform similar functions?

answer

plasmodesmata and gap junctions

question

Cadherins:

answer

-are calcium-dependent proteins involved in attachment of cells to neighboring cells. -are cell adhesion molecules found in cellular junctions at cell surfaces.

question

Which one of the following correctly lists components of extracellular matrix found in animals?

answer

collagen, laminin, and elastin

question

Points of adhesion between adjacent cells characterized by cadherins interacting with intermediate filaments are referred to as

answer

desmosomes

question

Which of the following correctly lists components of extracellular matrix found in plants?

answer

cellulose, pectin, and lignin

question

Which of the following is NOT true about gametes

answer

They are genetically identical to other gametes formed during meiosis.

question

When homologous chromosomes are aligned with each other and arranged as pairs in order of decreasing size, the resulting portrait is referred to as a(n)

answer

karyotype

question

The second meiotic division resembles mitosis because:

answer

-the daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cells. -microtubules attach from opposite directions to the centromere of each sister chromatid pair. -sister chromatids are separated during anaphase II to become the chromosomes of the daughter cells. -chromosomes decondense during telophase II.

question

Reproduction by cell division

answer

-Persists in mature plant cells for continued growth -continues in mature adults humans to replace damaged and worn-out cells -results in two daughter cells that are genetically identical -is asexual reproduction

question

During meiosis I

answer

- Chromosomes undergo reductional division -nonsister chromatids exchange maternal and paternal DNA -bivalents are formed during prophase I and are taken apart during the anaphase I. -sister chromatids are not separated.

question

Sexual reproduction results in an increase in genetic diversity because:

answer

-during fertilization, the gametes that fuse are random so that a large number of chromosomal combinations are possible in the new organism. -during metaphase I, the bivalents line up in a random orientation so that gametes inherit a random set of maternally and paternally derived chromosomes. -of both recombination during prophase I and random orientation of bivalents during metaphase I. -during prophase I, genes that are paternally and maternally derived are recombined on the chromosomes so that the gametes have chromosomes that are different from the parents' chromosomes.

question

crossing over

answer

the physical breakage and reunion of non-sister chromatids during prophase I

question

centromere

answer

the region of a chromosome where sister chromatids remain attached

question

centromere

answer

chromatids in a bivalent that do not share a centromere

question

non-sister chromatids

answer

chromatids in a bivalent that do not share a centromere

question

bivalent

answer

a four-stranded structure of homologous chromosomes in alignment

question

centrosome

answer

the microtubule organizing center

question

homologous chromosomes

answer

paired chromosomes that share the same set of genes

question

chiasmata

answer

cross-like structures found in bivalents as a consequence of crossing over

question

synapsis

answer

alignment of homologous chromosomes during prophase I

question

The centrosome

answer

is the microtubule organizing center for the mitotic spindle.

question

Which of the following statements is NOT true about sister chromatids?

answer

They are formed when the prokaryotic circular chromosome attaches at the plasma membrane.

question

Interphase involves all of the following steps except

answer

the condensation of chromatin.

question

Which of the following regulators of the cell cycle varies in concentration during the cell cycle?

answer

cyclins

question

Polar bodies are:

answer

haploid cells.

question

The number of daughter chromosomes in a human cell (diploid number 46) in anaphase II of meiosis is (Hint: This is a bit tricky. Remember that in this stage chromatids have separated, but the cell has not yet completed its second division.)

answer

46

question

Meiosis occurs in the __________ of __________.

answer

-testes; males -ovaries; females

question

Cell division is regulated by

answer

-growth factor signals. -signals that indicate a sufficient size of the cell. -signals that indicate that DNA has been replicated. -signals about the nutritional status of the cell.

question

True or False. All cancers are caused by viruses

answer

False

question

The enzyme that adds phosphate groups to other proteins is a ______________.

answer

kinase

question

Tumor suppressors can oppose oncogenes by

answer

-blocking the action of an oncogene. -instructing defective cells to die. -slowing cell division. -repairing mutations.

question

Proto-oncogenes

answer

-can be mutated by cigarette smoke to become triggers for cancer. -promote cell division.

question

How would the loss of p53 activity affect a cell?

answer

-DNA damage could accumulate. -The G1/S checkpoint would be unregulated. -CDK activity would be altered.

question

Each DNA parent strand within a replication bubble acts as a template strand that produces:

answer

one leading strand and one lagging strand.

question

Each end of a eukaryotic chromosome is capped by a repeating DNA sequence called the

answer

telomere

question

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to:

answer

generate multiple copies of a targeted region of DNA.

question

As DNA is replicated, the leading strand will have ____________ RNA primer(s) and the lagging strand will have ____________.

answer

one; many

question

When double stranded DNA is heated to about 95 degrees Celsius it denatures. Denaturation

answer

separates the two strands.

question

Telomerase is fully active in ____________ and ____________ cells, but almost completely inactive in ____________ cells.

answer

germ; stem; somatic

question

In a long DNA molecule, each origin of replication produces a ____________ with a ____________ on each side.

answer

replication bubble; replication fork

question

The enzyme responsible for joining Okazaki fragments together during DNA replication is:

answer

DNA ligase.

question

In DNA replication, each individual parent strand acts as a ____________ for the synthesis of a ____________.

answer

template strand; daughter strand

question

The enzyme that catalyzes the addition of new nucleotides to a growing DNA strand is:

answer

DNA polymerase.

question

Genomic pattern recognition begins with identification of sequence ____________, which are telltale sequences that identify what type of sequence it is.

answer

motifs

question

In a Giesma-stained karyotype, each chromosome can be identified by its unique pattern of:

answer

bands.

question

Which one of following statements explains why genome annotation is an ongoing, dynamic process in need of continued updating?

answer

Our understanding of macromolecules in the genome is always improving.

question

Which one of the following statements about an open reading frame is true?

answer

-An open reading frame has no stop codon. -An open reading frame is most likely protein coding. -An open reading frame consists of a long string of codons.

question

A possible negative consequence of personalized medicine could be:

answer

difficulty obtaining insurance if susceptibility to disease becomes public information.

question

Which of the following represents a consequence of sequencing an organism's genome?

answer

-An individual's "personal genome" can be sequenced and compared to the species standard to determine potential for disease inheritance. -A sequenced genome can be annotated and searched for open reading frames. -Genome sequences can be compared among species to determine evolutionary relationships.

question

Which one of the following types of sequence can be found in a genome?

answer

-Coding sequence for RNAs -noncoding introns -regulatory elements of protein-coding genes -protein-coding exons

question

Having more than two sets of chromosomes in the genome is most accurately referred to as:

answer

polyploidy

question

Approximately how much of the human genome varies between individuals?

answer

0.1%

question

Analysis of similarities and differences in the genomes of different species is referred to as:

answer

comparative genomics.

question

Movable DNA sequences are called ____________.

answer

transposable elements

question

An agent that increases mutation rate is a ___________

answer

mutagen

question

Point mutations that cause amino acid replacements are called ____________.

answer

nonsynonymous (missense) mutation

question

The most frequent kind of mutation, point mutations, occur when:

answer

a single base pair is replaced by another.

question

Any heritable change in the genetic material is a

answer

mutation

question

____________ mutations affect only the individual in which they occur; ____________ mutations are passed from parent to offspring.

answer

Somatic; germ-line

question

A point mutation that creates a premature stop codon is called a ____________.

answer

nonsense mutation

question

Chromosomes in which the normal order of a block of genes is reversed contain a(n):

answer

inversion

question

A point mutation that causes no change in the amino acid sequence of a protein is called a ____________.

answer

synonymous (silent) mutation

question

When non-homologous chromosomes exchange parts, a ____________ has occurred.

answer

reciprocal translocation

question

If blending inheritance was an accurate model of transmission genetics, which of the following would be true?

answer

Variation in natural populations would decrease over time.

question

A phenotype is

answer

the expression of a trait in an individual.

question

A testcross involves crossing with a(n) ____________ individual and is used to determine the ____________ of the tested parent.

answer

homozygous recessive; genotype

question

In a homozygous genotype

answer

both alleles for a given trait are the same.

question

In a simple Mendelian cross, true-breeding tall plants (tall is dominant) are crossed with short plants (short is recessive), and the F1 plants, which are all tall, are allowed to self-pollinate. What fraction of the F2 generation are tall?

answer

3/4

question

A reproductive cell, or gamete, has:

answer

one allele for each gene.

question

The statement that, in garden peas, yellow seed is dominant to green seed means that:

answer

when a true-breeding yellow seed parent is crossed with a true-breeding green seed parent, all offspring will have yellow seeds.

question

An allele is

answer

one of several forms of a gene

question

When Mendel crossed true-breeding yellow seed plants with true-breeding green seed plants, the offspring were phenotypically:

answer

yellow seed

question

A genotype is

answer

the particular combination of alleles present in a given organism.

question

You are examining a human pedigree for a trait. You notice that the trait appears in every generation; is equally likely to occur in males and females; and, when one parent is affected, about half of his/her offspring are affected. The trait is most likely:

answer

dominant.

question

Hemophilia is a sex-linked recessive trait in humans. If a carrier female (heterozygous for the trait) mated with a normal male, what would be the expected outcome(s)?

answer

None of the daughters would have hemophilia, and half of the sons would have hemophilia.

question

When Thomas Hunt Morgan began studying white-eyed fruit flies, the first observation he made that departed from the results he expected based on Mendelian principles was that:

answer

white eyes appeared only in males.

question

When chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis it is called

answer

nondisjunction

question

When X-linked traits are recessive, females will express the traits only if they are ____________ for the recessive allele.

answer

homozygous

question

Genes that are ____________ do not assort independently and are said to be ____________.

answer

close to one another on the same chromosome; linked.

question

A trait with incomplete penetrance is one that

answer

is only expressed in some of the individuals that have the genotype for that trait.

question

When one gene is able to modify the effect of a second gene, the phenomenon is known as:

answer

epistasis

question

In many animals, including humans, sex is determined by a single __________, or by a pair of them. Both males and females have two copies each of the rest of the chromosomes, which are called __________.

answer

sex chromosome; autosomes

question

Dominant traits

answer

appear in every generation.

question

The genes and DNA sequence of a certain chromosome are compared to those on a chromosome homologous to it and to those on a chromosome nonhomologous to it. Which of the following observations should be anticipated?

answer

Its homolog has the same genes and a similar DNA sequence.

question

A mutation with a deleterious effect on the function of a protein encoded by a human mitochondrial gene will be:

answer

maternally inherited.

question

Lack of exercise is an example of a(n) ____________ for obesity and diabetes.

answer

environmental risk factor

question

In what ways do human X and Y chromosomes differ from one another?

answer

The X and Y chromosomes differ both in size and in number of genes.

question

Genes that are close together in the same chromosome:

answer

tend to be transmitted together.

question

In crosses involving linked genes, recombinant offspring result from:

answer

crossover

question

The Y-linked trait of hairy ears has been passed down for many generations in a certain family. A hairy eared male in this family should definitely have:

answer

a paternal grandfather with hairy ears.

question

When differences in the phenotype due to the environment can be ignored:

answer

the genetic variation underlying phenotypic differences can be more easily identified.

question

Most common traits are

answer

complex traits.

question

Pleiotropy refers to

answer

a single gene having multiple effects

question

In RNA editing

answer

enzymes change the base sequence of the primary transcript and therefore the protein for which it codes.

question

Which of the following questions is about gene regulation

answer

-How much insulin is produced after a meal? -Where are genes for hemoglobin expressed?

question

Epigentic mechanisms of gene regulation ___________ and are ___________.

answer

can be inherited by daughter cells; often reversible and responsive to environmental change

question

General transcription factors

answer

interact with the RNA polymerase complex to initiate transcription Remember that transcription factors often interact with DNA, not RNA.

question

Which of the following changes could cause the production of a shorter-than-normal protein from a gene

answer

-hanges due to RNA processing -changes due to RNA editing

question

The process by which a single primary RNA transcript is used to make multiple proteins is called:

answer

alternative splicing.

question

miRNAs are _____ in eukaryotes and they are important regulators of _____.

answer

widespread; gene expression

question

Regulatory transcription factors

answer

-bind to DNA sequences called enhancers -recruit components of the transcriptional complex of proteins.

question

Histone modification:

answer

can change over time in response to environmental cues, allowing genes to be turned on or off as needed.

question

In humans and other mammals, dosage compensation is achieved by:

answer

females randomly inactivating one X chromosome in each cell.

question

The CRP-cAMP complex binds the lactose operon when:

answer

glucose levels are low and cAMP levels are high

question

For the lactose operon, the CRP-cAMP is a(n)

answer

activator

question

In prokaryotes, inducers are small molecules that

answer

bind to repressors and promote transcription

question

The human body contains approximately 200 major cell types. They look and function differently from one another because:

answer

each expresses a different set of genes

question

The lacZ and lacY genes are transcribed when

answer

lactose is present and glucose levels are low

question

RNA polymerase

answer

Binds to the promoter

question

Repressor protein

answer

Binds to the operator

question

CRP-cAMP

answer

Binds to the CRP-cAMP binding site

question

Lactose

answer

Binds to the repressor

question

cAMP

answer

Binds to CRP

question

An operon is

answer

a region of DNA consisting of the promoter, operator, and coding sequence for structural proteins.

question

For the lactose operon, lactose is a(n)

answer

inducer

question

What is the difference between small regulatory RNAs and mRNAs?

answer

-Small regulatory RNAs do not code for proteins while mRNAs do code for proteins -Small regulatory RNAs exist at some point in a double stranded form while mRNAs remain single stranded

question

Combinatorial control in eukaryotic transcription refers to the fact that:

answer

each gene has a unique combination of several different enhancers.

Biology 2170 Steven Final Review (quizzes) – Flashcards

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