question

___ is the study of biological diversity and of the evolutionary relationships among organisms

answer

Systematics

question

__ is the subdivision of systematics which deals with biological diversity

answer

Taxonomy

question

__ is the subdivision of systematics which deals with evolutionary relationships.

answer

Phylogeny

question

Taxonomy consisting of three associated activities:

answer

-Identification of specimens -classification -nomenclature

question

Ordering organisms into groups based on perceived similarities and differences

answer

classification

question

Naming groups according to accepted rules

answer

nomenclature

question

A ___ is a unit of classification

answer

taxon

question

biologists use a system of classification and nomenclature originated by ___, an 18th Century Swedish naturalist.

answer

Linnaeus

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Linnaeus created a hierarchy of taxonomic levels. The main levels in use today are:

answer

Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

question

phylum plural:

answer

phyla

question

genus plural:

answer

genera

question

species plural

answer

species

question

Modern biological classification attempts to group organisms according to their evolutionary relationships (_____) and thus represents a hypothesis regarding relatedness.

answer

Phylogeny

question

Two species in the same taxon are ___ closely related to each other than they are to species in other taxa of the same level.

answer

more

question

The classification system is ___

answer

hierarchical

question

All members of the Order Carnivora have a common ancestor that they do not share with any other species outside the order. A taxon that meets this criterion is said to be ___

answer

monophyletic

question

Most taxonomic names are based upon ___ roots

answer

Latin or Greek

question

Knowing the ___, or origin, of a taxonomic name often helps people to remember the name

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etymology

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the scientific name of a species consists of two elements, the ___ and the ___

answer

generic name and the specific name

question

Both genus and species names either are ___ or ___

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underlined or in italics

question

Prokaryotes domain kingdom domain

answer

bacteria cyanobacteria archaea

question

Eukaryotes domain kingdom Phylum __ and Phylum ____

answer

Eukarya animalia calcarea silicea

question

living organisms are classified into ____

answer

three domains

question

the cells of __ and ___ lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles and also are extremely small

answer

Bacteria archaea

question

___ lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles and also are extremely small

answer

prokaryotes

question

the larger cells of ___ have both a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

answer

eukaryotes

question

the similarity in appearance between bacteria and archaea is only superficial-molecular data reveal that archaeans are more closely related to ___ than they are to ___.

answer

eukaryotes bacteria

question

All prokaryotes are ___ organisms, most of which have one of three basic shapes

answer

single-cell 1. bacillus 2. coccus 3. Spirillum

question

rod-shaped

answer

bacillus

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Bacilli that occur in chains are called

answer

streptobacilli

question

spherical

answer

coccus

question

cocci occurring in chains are called

answer

streptococci

question

cocci occurring in cluster are called

answer

staphlococci

question

spiral

answer

spirillum

question

spirilla only occur

answer

singly

question

microbiologist usually begin their identification of bacteria by employing the ___

answer

Gram stain

question

gram positive bacteria stain__, which chemically interacts with bacterial cell walls containing ___

answer

purple peptidoglycan

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other bacteria have little peptidoglycan and do not appear purple after having been staind. Thus many bacteria are classified are

answer

gram negative stain

question

several kingdoms occur in Domain Bacteria. We study only one- the Kingdom__

answer

Cyanobacteria

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The kingdom Cyanobacteria contains organisms known as ____

answer

blue-green bacteria

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These, cyanobacteria, gram-____ bacteria are the only prokaryotes that carry out ___, making organic molecules from carbon dioxide and using solar energy(as do algae and plants).

answer

negative oxygen generating photosynthesis

question

individual cells often are attached to each other by _____.

answer

gelatinous sheaths

question

Asexual reproduction occurs by _____or ____

answer

fragmentation or fission

question

___ where a single cell breaks into parts that regenerate into whole new cells

answer

fragmentation

question

___-where the cell separates into two equal sized cells.

answer

fission

question

Anabaena consists of filaments of ___ cells

answer

rounded

question

specialized cells called ___ and ___ usually are present interspersed amoung the barrel shaped ___ which undergo ___

answer

akinetes heterocysts vegetative cells photosynthesis

question

___- large, oval, densely packed spore-like reproductive cells that resist drying

answer

akinetes

question

___ fix atmospheric nitrogen (convert it to __ and ___)

answer

heterocysts ammonia and nitrate

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Oscillatoria consists of filaments of __ cells

answer

rectangular

question

Merismopedia which is ___

answer

non-filamentous

question

Many archaeans are found in extreme environments, and include ___, ___, ____, and ___.

answer

methanogens thermophiles acidophiles halophiles

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methanogens ___ producers

answer

methane

question

___ inhabitants of extremely hot waters

answer

thermophiles

question

capable of living at extremely low pH

answer

acidophiles

question

tolerant of extremely high salinities

answer

halophiles

question

archaeans also inhabit more "normal"environments, and may be the _____.

answer

most abundant organisms on earth

question

All remaining organisms you will study in this course belong to the Domain Eukarya. This domain includes the __-,___,___ and a wide variety of other ____ often collectively termed "___"

answer

animals, plants, fungi organisms protists

question

You will begin the study of Eukaryotes with the Kingdom ____, which is the _____, both in terms of number of ___ and number or ___.

answer

Animalia largest Kingdom phyla species

question

Animals are multicellular eukaryotes that ___ their food.

answer

Ingest

question

Until recently, sponges belonged to a single phylum, Phylum ____(__=pores, ___=bearing)

answer

Porifera pori fera

question

based on analysis of molecular data, sponges now are divided into two phyla:___ and ____

answer

Phylum Calcarea and Phylum Silicea

question

All sponges are ___, including both __ and ___ species

answer

aquatic marine freshwater

question

Adult sponges are ___ and ___, but their larvae are __ and capable of ___.

answer

benthic sessile motile dispersing in the plankton

question

___ bottom-dwelling

answer

benthic

question

attached to objects___

answer

sessile

question

___ lack distinct tissues and organs - they have no nervous, muscular, circulatory systems, etc.

answer

sponges

question

The basic body plan of a sponge is ___

answer

asymmetrical

question

Sessile, adult sponge obtains nourishment by ___, it filters microscopic food particles from the water

answer

suspension feeding

question

The sponge accomplishes suspension feeding by having a body that consists of two layers of cells surrounding a cavity, the ____

answer

spongocoel

question

numerous pores, or ___, pierce the body wall. (sponges)

answer

ostia

question

one or more large openings, or ___ are found on the upper surface of the sponge

answer

Oscula singular osculum

question

flagellated cells called ___ draw water through the ostia and out the osculum .

answer

Choanocytes

question

collars of ___ on the choanocytes filter out edible food particles

answer

cytoplasm

question

the choanocyte is a unique, or ___, character of the sponges

answer

diagnostic

question

Spicules made of either ___ or ___ form the skeleton of many sponges.

answer

calcium carbonate silica

question

The glass sponge skeleton consists of fused ____.

answer

silica spicules

question

Examine a bath sponge and note that this sponge is soft and pliable. This is because the skeleton of these sponges is formed from flexible fibers composed of the protein ___ instead of by spicules

answer

spongin

question

The unit of classification between order and genus is ___

answer

Family

question

The plural of genus is ____ and of species is ___

answer

genera and species

question

The Domain most closely related to the Domain Eukarya is the Domain ____

answer

Archaea

question

The prokaryotic basic shape that occurs either in chains or cluster is ____

answer

coccus

question

Blue-green bacteria are in the Kingdom ___

answer

cyanobacteria

question

The process whereby bacteria reproduce by splitting into two cells is called ___ as opposed to breaking into several parts, which is ____

answer

fission fragmentation

question

Archaeans that release methane gas

answer

methanogens

question

archaeans that can live in very hot water

answer

thermophiles

question

Archaeans that can live in very acidic water

answer

acidophiles

question

Archaeans that can live in very salty water

answer

halophiles

question

Animals, plants, fungi and "protists" are in the Domain ___

answer

Eukarya

question

The term for bottom-dwelling is ___; attached to objects is ____

answer

benthic sessile

question

Water enters a sponge through small openings called___ , goes into a large spaced called the ___, and leaves through ___

answer

ostia spongocoel osculum

question

spicules are made of either __ or ___

answer

calcium carbonate or silica

question

in sponges, cells with flagella and collars that catch food particles are called ___

answer

Choanocytes

question

All sponges belong to Kingdom __

answer

Animalia

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